银杏叶提取物对脑组织及脑神经细胞活性的保护作用

Protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on brain tissue and activity of brain neural cells

目的:银杏叶提取物主要成分黄酮苷、萜烯内酯和单体内酯等对心血管系统,脑循环,血液及神经等方面作用机制和疗效已基本肯定,现就银杏叶提取物对脑组织及神经损伤保护作用的研究进行综述。资料来源:应用计算机检索Medline数据库1994-01/2004-12期间的相关文章,检索词为“Ginkgobilobaextract”,限定文章语言种类为英文;同时计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库1995-01/2003-12期间的相关文章,检索词为″银杏叶提取物″,限定文章语言种类为中文。资料选择:对资料进行初审,纳入银杏叶提取物作用于脑细胞及神经细胞的相关药理机制,临床运用及其有效成分,对脑缺血缺氧,水肿的保护以及大脑皮质层的记忆功能丧失和脑部病变引起的帕金森病的防治相关的文献。排除标准:综述类文献和重复研究。资料提炼:共收集到44篇关于银杏叶提取物对脑组织及神经损伤保护作用的文献,纳入为银杏叶提取物作用于脑细胞及神经细胞的相关药理机制,临床运用及其有效成分,对脑缺血缺氧,水肿的保护以及大脑皮质的记忆功能丧失和脑部病变引起的帕金森病的防治相关的文献19篇。排除综述类文献和重复研究25篇。资料综合:①银杏叶提取物对脑血栓的保护性作用:银杏叶提取物可明显抑制缺血再灌注损伤所致的组织纤溶酶原激活因子抑制因子Ⅰ的升高,调节纤维蛋白溶酶过程,防止血栓形成。②银杏叶提取物对脑缺血缺氧、水肿的保护作用:银杏叶提取物中黄酮苷、萜烯内脂和单体具有多种药理活性,对脑缺血缺氧、水肿保护作用与抗血小板活化因子、抗自由基和改善脑血管循环的作用密切相关。③银杏叶提取物对大脑记忆力的影响:银杏叶提取物主要是通过促进大脑海马胆碱的再摄取,减少M型胆碱受体和α2肾上腺素受体及递质的丢失,从而发挥改善学习和记忆能力的功能。④银杏叶提取物对帕金森病的防治作用:其机制是通过保护残存的损伤侧黑质神经元,使得纹状体多巴胺的减少得以控制,并保持在一定的水平;银杏内脂抑制纹状体多巴胺的代谢,从而升高多巴胺的水平。⑤银杏叶提取物对脑神经的保护作用:银杏叶提取物可能通过抑制神经细胞一氧化氮的产生、抑制嗜中性粒细胞所介导的炎症反应、直接对抗谷氨酸受体等保护脑神经。结论:银杏叶提取物和单体的研究在动物实验和心血管疾病的运用性研究上取得了广泛的成果,对于激活脑组织及神经损伤的细胞,改善脑血管循环,治疗和预防脑部某些疾病有一定的作用。

OBJECTIVE： Ginkgo biloba extract is mainly composed of flavonoid glycoside, Terpene lactone and monomer lactone, its mechanism and curative effect on cardiovascular system, cerebral circulation, blood, nerve and so on have been proved. In this paper, we focus on the studies about the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on brain tissue and neural injury. DATA SOURCES： A computer-based online search of Medline database was undertaken for related articles published in English between January 1994 and December 2004, with the key words of “Ginkgo biloba extract”. Meanwhile, we searched the Chinese Journal Fnll-text Database and Wanfang database for related Chinese articles between January 1995 and December 2003 with the same key words in Chinese. STUDY SELECTION： The data were selected firstly to find out those about the pharmacological mechanism of the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on brain tissue and neural cells, clinical application, the protective effect of its active components on cerebral ischemic hypoxia and hydrops, and the prevention of Parkinson＇s disease caused by memory lost of the cerebral cortex and pathological changes of brain. Exclusive criteria： review articles and repetitive studies. DATA EXTRACTION： A total of 44 articles about protective effect of Ginkgo hiloba extract on brain tissue and neural injury were collected, 19 ones about the pharmacological mechanism of the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on brain tissue and neural cells, clinical application, the protective effect of its active components on cerebral ischemic hypoxia and hydrops, and the prevention of Parkinson＇s disease caused by memory lost of the cerebral cortex and pathological changes of brain were selected;, 25 review articles and repetitive studies were excluded. DATA SYNTHESIS： ①Protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on cerebral thrombosis： The extract can obviously inhibit the increase of tissue plasminogen reactivator inhibitory factor 1, regular the fihrinolytic enzyme process to prevent thrombosis forming. ②Protective effect of the extract on cerebral ischemic hypoxia and hydrops： The flavonoid glycoside, Terpene lactone and monomer in the extract have many pharmacological activities, which are closely related to the protective effect on cerebral ischemic hypexia and hydrops and anti platelet activating factor, anti free radical and the improvement of cerebral vessel circulation. ③Effect of the extract on memory： The extract can improve the learning and memory ability through increasing the reuptake of hippocampal choline, decreasing the lost of M choline receptor and α2 adrenoceptor and transmitter. ④Preventive effect of the extract on Parkinson＇s disease： It can protect the survival injured substantia nigra neuron to control the decrease of striatal dopemine and keep it at a certain level; the Ginkgo biloba lactone can increase the dopamine by inhibiting the metabolism of striatal dopamine. ⑤Protective effect of the extract on cerebral nerve： The extract can protect the cerebral nerve by inhibiting the appearance of nitrogen monoxidum in neural ceils, the inflammatory reaction mediated by the neutrophil and direct against to glutamic acid receptor. CONCLUSION： Ginkgo biloba extract and monomer, whose research in animal experiment and application in cardiovascular disease has obtained a lot of achievements, can activate brain tissue and neural injured cells, improve cerebral circulation, and effectively treat and prevent some cerebral diseases.