国家健将级女子铁饼运动员腾空和过渡阶段膝关节运动损伤的生物力学特征

Biomechanical features of sports injury in the knee joint of national excellent female discus athletes at empty out and transition stages

目的:采用问卷调查法和三维运动生物力学分析法,调查国家健将级优秀女子铁饼运动员腾空和过渡阶段膝关节运动损伤原因。方法:2004-06/07发放调查问卷14份,调查14名国家健将级优秀女子铁饼运动员膝关节损伤构成比。2005-03采用近景动态立体摄影的测量方法,用两台有电子快门的进口松下摄像机,对运动员现场比赛、训练进行定点拍摄,拍摄频率为50Hz。采用爱捷运动录像快速反馈分析系统,进行图像采样和数据计算,获取生物力学指标,重点分析腾空和过渡阶段(左脚离地瞬间至左脚着地瞬间)膝关节的生物力学特点,包括左脚离地瞬间、右脚离地瞬间、左脚着地瞬间的左膝角、右膝角等指标。结果:①14份问卷全部收回,有效率100%。通过对问卷的分析,发现国家优秀女子铁饼运动员膝关节损伤构成比最高的是髌骨软骨病(28%),其次是内侧副韧带损伤(20%),再次是半月板损伤(17%),创伤性关节炎、外侧副韧带损伤和其他损伤分别为10%,6%,19%。②腾空和过渡阶段膝关节的生物力学指标:左脚离地瞬间左膝角为(125±3)°,右膝角为(114±6)°;右脚着地瞬间左膝角为(77±2)°,右膝角为(85±4)°;左脚着地瞬间左膝角为(102±2)°,右膝角为(92±6)°。在左脚离地瞬间至右脚着地瞬间,左膝角均值减少了48°,右膝角均值减少了29°;与右脚着地瞬间时相比,左脚着地瞬间左膝角增大了25°,右膝角增大了11°。结论:①腾空阶段,右膝关节转扣着地极易发生损伤,这个阶段可能发生的运动损伤为右侧外副韧带和前后交叉韧带损伤;左膝虽然呈屈曲状,但因处于腾空状态,左脚并未落地,因此发生运动损伤的可能性不大。②过渡阶段,左膝关节、左踝关节随着左脚的快速落地,易发生左膝关节前交叉韧带和内侧副韧带损伤。

AIM： To find the reasons of the knee joint injury at the empty out and transition moment of excellent female discus athletes by means of questionnaires and analysis from three-dimensional motion biomechanics. METHODS： A total of 14 questionnaires were sent out from June to July 2004. The constituent ratio of the knee joint injury at the empty out and transition moment of 14 national excellent female discus athletes was acquired by analysis. In March 2005, fixed-point shot was performed in live match and training with the shot frequency of 50 Hz with close-range view dynamic stereographic measurements, two Panasonic video cameras with electric shutter. Using Aijie sports video quick feedback analysis system, sampled imaging, calculated data, obtained vitodynamics index, analyzed focally feature of vitodynamics of articular genu at the empty out and transition moment （from the moment of leaving ground of left foot to the moment of touching the ground of left foot）, which composed of the moment of leaving ground of left foot, the moment of leaving ground of right foot, angle of left knee and angle of right knee at the moment of touching ground of left foot and so on. RESULTS： ①Totally 14 questionnaires were taken back with the effective rate of 100%. After the analysis of questionnaire, it was found that the highest constituent ratio of knee joint injury of national excellent female discus athletes was the osteochondropathy of whirbone （28%）, followed by injury of medial collateral ligament （20%）, niscus injury （17%）, traumatic arthritis （10%）, lateral collaeral ligament injury （6%） and other injuries （19%）. ②Vitodynamics index of knee joint at the empty out and transition moment： Angle of left knee at the moment of leaving ground of left foot was （125±3）°, angle of right knee （114±6）°; Angle of left knee at the moment of touching ground of right foot was （77±2）°, angle of right knee （85±4）°; Angle of left knee at the moment of touching ground of left foot was （102±2）°, angle of right knee （92±6）°. From the moment of leaving ground of left foot to the moment of touching ground of right foot, the mean value of angle of left knee decreased by 48°, while the mean value of angle of right knee decreased by 29°. Compared with the moment of touching ground of right foot, the angle of left knee increased by 25°, while the angle of right knee increased by 11° in the moment of touching ground of left foot. CONCLUSION： ①At the empty out stage, injuries are easy to occur at the moment of transmiting spike and touchdown of right knee joint. The injuries may be injury of the right collateral ligament of knee joint, injury of anterior and posterior cruciate ligament of knee. Although the left knee is flexion at the stage of empty out, the left foot has not touched the ground, so sport injury is little possibility. ②At transition stage, the left knee joint and the left ankle joint touchdown quickly with the left foot, injuries of anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament of left knee joint are easy to get.