深圳特区居民体育锻炼与自测健康的相关分析

Correlation between physical exercise and self-rated health of the residents in Shenzhen

目的:分析深圳特区居民体育锻炼与其自测健康的相关性。方法:于2002-06/2003-06选取深圳市福田区常住户籍和暂住人口(在深圳工作居住时间半年以上),不包括流动人口。采取整群分层随机抽样方法,按经济水平、住房条件、暂住人口与常住人口所占比例划分为好、中、差3个层次,课题组在每个层次中按数量各占1/3的比例分别抽取,共抽出11个社区中心;每个社区样本量分性别、年龄段抽取,年龄跨度14岁以上(包括14岁)的社区一般人群按14～,20～,25～,30～,35～,40～,45～,50～,55～,60～,65～,70～,75～岁,分为13个年龄段,其中14～和75～两个年龄段每个社区调查50名(男女各半),其他各年龄段分别调查40名(男女各半);被调查户的抽样按门牌号随机抽取序号。应用自测健康评定量表修订版对5940名居民进行现场测试。填写统一印制的健康调查问卷,填写时间约20min。调查表包括一般情况、体育锻炼状况及自测健康评定量表等内容。结果:首次发出调查表5940份,回收5867份(98.8%),其中所有项目均被完成的有5569份(94.9%)。①一般情况:经常体育锻炼的居民2804名(47.8%),其中男1518名(54.1%),女1282名(45.7%);60岁以上的居民最多(32.2%),20岁以下的居民最少(10.8%)。选择步行的居民最多(50.9%)。②参加体育锻炼与未参加体育锻炼居民的自测健康比较:参加体育锻炼居民除日常生活功能指标外,其他自测健康指标均优于未参加体育锻炼居民(P<0.01)。男性在身体症状与器官功能、身体活动功能、生理健康子量表分、认知功能、心理健康子量表总分、角色活动与社会适应、社会支持、自测健康评定量表总分等方面均优于女性(P<0.05),但在日常生活功能、心理症状与负向情绪、正向情绪、社会资源与社会接触、社会健康子量表总分等方面则差异无显著性。③不同体育锻炼方式与自测健康的关系:促进居民生理健康的体育锻炼方式主要有骑自行车、球类、跑步、游泳,促进心理健康的体育锻炼方式有球类、跑步、游泳,促进社会健康的体育锻炼方式主要有步行、骑自行车、体操和舞蹈、球类、跑步、游泳,促进自测健康的体育锻炼方式主要有骑自行车、球类、跑步、游泳。结论:经常体育锻炼能促进居民的健康,男性在生理、心理健康方面更易受到影响,比较合适的体育锻炼方式为骑车、球类、跑步和游泳等。

AIM： To analyze the correlation between physical exercises and self-rated health of the residents in Shenzhen Special Zone. METHODS： Between June 2002 and June 2003, the permanent and the temporary residents （worked for above half a year） of Futian District of Shenzhen city were chosen as the subjects of this population-based survey with the floating population excluded. By the cluster random sampling method, the subjects were divided into three groups： good, fine and poor based on their economic status and housing conditions in ratio of permanent residents to temporary residents. The subjects were chosen from one third of each group and totally 11 communities were involved in. The samples of each community were chosen according to their gender and age period, which were divided into 13 groups： 14-, 20-, 25-, 30-, 35-, 40-, 45-, 50-, 55-, 60-, 65-, 70- and 75-. There were 50 subjects （25 males and 25 females） in the age groups of 14- and 75- and 40 subjects （20 males and 20 females） from the other groups. The sampling was randomly selected according to the room number in each community. Totally 5 940 residents received the spot survey with the self-rated health measurement scale. Meanwhile, the health status investigation questionnaire was filled in about 20 minutes, which included general condition, physical exercises and the self-rated health measurement scale, etc. RESULTS： Among the 5 940 questionnaires sent out at the first time, 5 867 were recovered with a recovery rate of 98.8% and 5 569 questionnaires were completely finished with an effective rate of 94.9%. （1） General condition： 2 804 residents （48.63%） reported frequent exercise including 1 518 males （54.1%） and 1 282 females （45.7%）; the residents above 60 years old （32.2%） accounted for the most, while those under 20 years （10.8%） the least. Walking was the most frequently chosen exercise （50.9%）. （2）Comparison of self-rated health between exercise participants and never exercise participants： All the self-rated health indexes of exercise participants were superior to those of never-exercise participants （P 〈 0.01） except for the index of daily physical activities. The physical symptom and organic function, physical mobility, total score of physical health subscale, cognitive function, total score of psychosocial health subscale, role activity and social adaptability, social support, total score of the SRHMS V1.0 of males were significantly superior to those of females （P 〈 0.05）, while there was no obvious difference in daily physical activities, psychosocial symptom and negative emotion, positive emotion, social resources and social contact, total score of social health subscale between males and females. （3）Relationship of exercise style and self-rated health： The exercises promoted physical health included bicycling, ball activities, jogging, swimming; the exercises promoted the psychosocial health included ball games, jogging, swimming; the exercises promoted the social health included walking, bicycling, gym and dancing, ball games, jogging and swimming; and the exercises promoted the self-rated health were bicycling, ball games, jogging and swimming. CONCLUSION： Frequent physical exercise can promote the health. Males physiological and mental health can be easily influenced. The proper exercises for males are bicycling, ball games, jogging and swimming.