美国合理根据证明标准及对我国证据法的启示

The Probable Cause of the United States and it's Enlightenment

合理根据标准作为美国证据法证明标准体系中的一级,有其具体含义和特殊地位。它是裁判者以普通人的标准在一定信息量基础上形成的主观判断,主要适用于与侦查有关的搜查、扣押与逮捕程序。其对于刑事程序的意义在于,它一方面防止国家权力的行使对个人自由与隐私权随意侵扰、干涉,另一方面通过规定比排除合理怀疑较为宽松的证明标准为执法者的行动提供了有效的活动余地,能够平衡国家权力的运用与公民私权利的保护。考察该标准在美国的适用,对中国刑事程序和证明标准的研究有一定启示。

As one level of the United States＇proof standard system, probable cause is a specific standard with a special and important standing. The judges make decisions based on a certain quantity of information about cases. And the judging criterion is one from an ordinary person. Probable cause is often used in the processes relating to investigation, such as search, seizure and arrest procedures. It has great influence on criminal procedure mainly in two aspects. On one hand, it prevents state power interfering and intruding citizens＇freedom and privacy arbitrarily. On the other hand, it is not required beyond reasonable doubt in investigation. It provides the criminal justice administration a relative looser standard to fulfill their duties. So that it balances the exercise of state power and the protection of citizens ＇private rights. Reviewing criminal justice in the United States, the probable cause standard may provide reference to Chinese criminal evidence law.