“按需分配”的幻灭:大公社的分配制度

Disillusionment of "To Each According to His Needs":On the Distribution System in the Big Commune

大公社①实行供给制和工资制相结合的分配制度,包括粮食供给制、伙食供给制和基本生活供给制三种形式。起初其被视为“共产主义”的萌芽与初步尝试而大轰大嗡,1959年后有所调整与退却。庐山会议后以公共食堂为核心的分配制度再度中兴,这是1959年后期饥荒加重的重要原因之一。大公社分配制度的特征主要是空想和追求分配的绝对平均。绝对平均主义的泛滥,从根本上颠覆了当时的社会秩序与动力机制,是当代中国社会的一次大倒退,直接导致了人民公社运动的失败。

The Big Commune put into practice a distribution system combining the supply and the wage system together. Specifically, it can be further divided into three different forms： supply system of cereal, that of foodstuffs and that of basic livelihood. Taken as the embryo and initiative attempt of ＂Communism＂ at first, it was followed suite nationwide, but was restricted and drawn back after 1959. However, the distribution system with the commune canteen as its core was once more revived after the Lushan Conference, and this is just one of the reasons why the then grievous famine was brought about. This system is characterized first by its reverie, and secondly by its seeking of extreme evenness. Deconstructing the then social order and dynamic mechanism, the flood of extreme equalitarianism has been a tremendous drawback of contemporary Chinese society, thus directly bringing about the failure of the People＇ s Commune Movement.