日本城市防洪减灾综合措施及发展动态

Integrated measures for urban flood control and disaster mitigation in Japan and their developments

简介日本城市防洪减灾体系的形成和发展过程。认为日本城市防洪减灾体系的形成争发展与日本社会经济的发展密切相关,经济发展为提高防灾能力提供了物质保障,而社会防灾能力的提高既促进了流域土地开发利用,又对防洪体系提出了更高的要求。从修建水库、整治河道、开挖地下河流、建设滞洪区和排涝泵站4个方面阐述日本城市治水的主要工程措施;从提高洪水预测预报水平、提高险情信息传达速度、提高全民防灾意识、制作“可能受灾区域的洪水险情图”、进行重要城市中小河流的洪水预报5个方面阐述日本采取的减轻城市水灾的主要对策。介绍了日本的3个防汛救灾组织:消防部门,防汛团和防汛事务组织,救援自卫队。近年来发生在城市的河流洪水灾害对日本城市防洪体系提出了新的课题,使日本防洪体系向灾害防止兼顾灾害减轻的方向发展;在传统的防洪工程措施的基础上,日本正在研究制定个人、地方和国家共同发挥作用的防洪减灾体系。

An introduction is given to the formation and development of the urban flood control system in Japan, a country well known for its mountainous geography and humid climate. It is pointed out that the formation and the development of the flood control system are closely related to the Japanese socio-economy. The developmeat of the economy provides a solid foundation for enhancement of the capacity in disaster prevention, while an improved flood control system stimulates land exploitation and utilization in river basins and further makes high requirement to the flood control system. Four major structural measures for urban flood control are presented, including reservoir/dam construction, channel improvement, underground canal excavation and construction of flood storage/detention regions and pumping systems. Countermeasures against urban flood disasters are classified into five categories ： improving the accuracy of flood prediction and forecasting system, shortening the dissemination time of disaster information, raising the public awareness of disaster prevention, completing the flood hazard map for vulnerable areas, and implementing flood forecasting in medium and small sized rivers in major cities. Three major flood control and disaster relief organizations are introduced as well, i.e. fire and disaster control authorities, flood control communities/flood control affair cooperatives and the Japan succor self defense forces. It is found that the recent flood disasters induced by urban rivers have challenged the urban flood control system, and the system is further developed with emphasis placed on disaster prevention and disaster mitigation. In addition to conventional flood control expertise and works, a new system is put forward into schedule in which individuals, local communities and state government are expected to share different functions in flood control and disaster mitigation.