关于汉语宾语问题的思考——纪念汉语主宾语问题讨论五十周年

An Introspection to the Study of Chinese Object

五十年前的汉语主宾语问题大讨论对汉语语法研究具有促进作用,但当时的一些分歧至今还存在,理应进一步研究。本文认为:宾语是属于句法平面的语法范畴,是与述语相对待并被谓词支配的句法成分;确定或辨认宾语时要兼顾“意义”和“形式”;宾语映射的是动核结构中跟主事相对待的客事或与事,其中客事映射的是直接宾语,与事映射的是间接宾语;操作上应以谓词所联系的客事或与事为基础或根据,再借助于形式(包括位置、问答、虚词、固定格式等)来辨认。本文还提出确认汉语宾语需注意的几个问题:要注意宾语和谓语的关系,要区别典型的宾语和非典型的宾语,要区别动态句子中的宾语和静态述宾短语中的宾语,要区别基式宾语和非基式宾语,要区别不同句类中的宾语,解决宾语问题要跟解决主语问题统一考虑,要结合语用来研究宾语。

The Discussion of Chinese Subject and Object fifty years ago was a great promotion to the study of Chinese grammar and therefore it is commemorable. Nevertheless, there are still some divarications left over. In this disquisition we argue that object belongs to the grammatical category of syntactic level, that it is a sort of syntactic component which corresponds to adnex and is governed by predicator, that it should be confirmed or identified through both meaning and form, that it projects objective or dative which corresponds to subjective in a verb-cored structure objective maps direct object and dative maps indirect object and that the process of confirming or identifying object should be firstly based on objective or dative which is governed by predicator and then on forms including position, interlocution, form word, fixed format, etc.