利用耐盐植物改善盐土区农业环境

Salt-tolerance plants used for improving agricultural environments in saline soil regions

耐盐植物具有特定的抗盐性,有泌盐、稀盐、拒盐、耐盐等多种多样对盐渍生境的适应方式。全球盐生植物约有1560多种,中国有502种。许多耐盐植物有重要的经济价值,可以广泛用于食品、纺织、酿造、建筑、医药、化工等方面。更重要的是其对改良土壤、调节气候、维护生态平衡的环境效益。种植耐盐植物增加地面覆盖,减少土壤蒸发,吸收带走土壤中的盐分,从而减少耕作层盐分累积,同时增加土壤有机质,改善土壤理化性状,促进对盐土有效改良和利用;还可以降低噪音、净化空气、减少温差、增加雨量、减少地表风蚀和干热风危害。通过引进、驯化、筛选、辐射诱变、多倍体育种等手段,我国已经选育出经济价值高、有应用价值的耐盐植物150种。本文简要介绍了这些耐盐植物对盐土的改良效果和经济利用价值。

Plants with specific salt - tolerant capacity axe called salt - tolerance plants, and they can live under saline conditions by different adapting manner such as salt excreting, salt diluting, salt refusing and salt tolerating. Up to now,approximate 1560 species of halophyte were recorded in the world, of which 502 are found in China. Many of them have important economic values for using as food, raw materials in textile, brewage, construction, medicament and chemical industry. Salt - tolerance plants also have significant effects on agricultural environments such as improving soil fertility, adjusting microclimate and maintaining ecological balance in agro - ecosystems, particularly in saline soil regions. Many experiments in China indicated that cultivation of salt - tolerance plants could not only increase soil organic matter and improve soil physical and chemical properties such as decreasing bulk density to accelerate salt leaching from saline soil, but also decreased salt accumulation on soil surface through reducing water evaporation, removing salt from soil by plant harvest and decwa^ing water table. Thus, using salt - tolerance plants could remarkably promote effective reclamation of saline soil for use. in addition, salt- tolerance plants have good influences on environments such as reducing noise and temperature differences, purifying atmosphere, avoiding harm from wind erosion and dry, hot winds. In recent years, 150 species of salt- tolerance plants with higher economical values have been successfully selected and bred by Chinese scientists through domestication, selection, cross- breeding, radiation- breeding, polypoid- breeding approaches. This paper has briefly reviewed the progress made on improving agricultural environments using the salt - tolerance plants in saline soil regions in China. The potential of the major plants for use was also introduced.