秦汉及以前的古历探微

THE ANCIENT CALENDARS IN ANDBEFORE QIN-HAN PERIOD

该文澄清以往对《左传》的一些误解，指出不能把刘歆、杜预的说法作为《左传》的说法。人们普遍承认《左传》自有一套历法，该文第一次对《左传》历法作比较全面的探索，找出其岁实朔策等，指出它已具历法的雏形。文中指出，秦朝曾采用颛顼历与殷历，吕不韦引用的似是殷历而非颛顼历，该文比较全面地讨论殷历。文中指出，颛顼历是吕不韦被免相后采用的新历法。作者解释它所以是立春标准历，其太岁年名与股历相差一年，其星岁对照表与殷历的星岁对照表又相同的原因。太初改历的经过，《史记》《汉书》所载不同，《汉书》中又有一句话，表面看来自相矛盾无法解释，因此长期以来，人们对改历经过以及太初历内容无法知其真相。作者对此进行深入探讨，弄清太初改历经过及太初历内容。文中讨论三统历的内容及它与大初历的关系并略论干支纪年的演变。

The commentaries of Liu Xin and Du Yu on Zuo Zhuan(Master Zuo Qiuming's Chronicles)are quite different from Zuo Zhuan itseff, hence we should keep them apart. In Zuo Zhuan, there are essential astronomical data which formed a germ of calendar.This paper shows that in Qin dynasty two(instead of one)calendars,Yin calendar and Zhuan xu calendar, were adopted.The first was selected by Lu Buwei, the essential features of which are first discussed here. It also shows that Zhuanxu calendar was created when Lu Buwei was exiled, and we explain why it took the slar term Lichun as standard, and why its annual terms were one year ahead of those in Yin calendar.The paper discusses the procedure of adopting a new calendar in Taichu and differently recorded in Shi Ji(Record of the Historian)and Han Shu(History of the Han Dynasty).It also discusses the Santong calendar created by Liu Xin in detail, and sketches the development of the Ganzhi annual system.