伦理感、道德感与“实践道德精神”的培育

Ethical Sentiment, Moral Sentiment and the Cultivation of the Practical Moral Spirit

道德精神有“理论道德精神”与“实践道德精神”两个结构和两种形态。前者是道德教育的意识和思维,即“知”的结构;后者是意志和冲动,即“行”的结构。在广义上,作为“行为一般”的意志有客观意志(狭义的意志)和主观意志(情感)之分。中华民族精神及其传统以“理性+情感”为精神结构,以情感为“实践道德精神”的精神哲学基础。据此,伦理感与道德感就是体现中华民族精神及其发展传统的道德教育哲学的基本概念和基本问题。“伦理感”以“单一物”与“普遍物”的统一感、实体感、精神感为基本规定,道德感以得道感、敬重情感、义务感为基本规定。现代道德教育哲学应当由对“理论道德精神”的偏执,转向对“实践道德精神”的深切关注,实现道德教育的精神哲学范式的转换。

Moral spirit has two structures and two forms which are the moral spirit in theory and that in practice. The former is the awareness and thinking of moral education, i. e. , the structure of knowledge; the latter is the willpower and impulse, i. e. , the moral action. Willpower, in a broad sense, is divided into objective will （the will in a narrow sense） and subjective will （sentiment）. Chinese national spirit and her tradition take reason and sentiment as their mental structure, and sentiment as the basis of mental philosophy for the practical moral spirit. Therefore, the ethical sentiment and the moral sentiment are the fundamental terms and issues of Chinese moral education philosophy which embodies Chinese national spirit and its development traditions. The basic stipulations of ethical sentiment are the unified sentiment, substantial sentiment, mental sentiment of individual object and universal object. The basic stipulations of the moral sentiment are the sentiment of moral understanding, the sentiment of respect, and the sentiment of obligation. Modern philosophy on moral education should change from the pigheaded preference for moral spirit in theory to a profound concern for moral spirit in practice so as to realize the transformation of patterns of mental philosophy on moral education.