中国酸雨研究综述

Progress in Research of Acid Rain in China

回顾了我国开展酸雨研究以来所取得的各方面研究成果,主要包括酸雨的定义、空间分布特征、化学特征、影响酸雨pH值的因素、酸雨对生态社会的影响以及酸雨控制的对策和方法6个方面。研究表明,海洋降水pH值以4.8、内陆降水以5.0作为酸雨的界限更为合理;我国酸雨空间分布存在明显的地域差异,南方酸雨比北方严重,且以城市为中心分布;我国降水中总离子浓度很高,酸雨是典型的硫酸性酸雨,降水酸度与(SO42-+NO3-)/(NH4++Ca2+)的浓度比值有着高度的正相关;酸雨的形成不仅仅取决于酸性物质的排放,还与酸性物质的迁移和扩散、土壤的性质、大气中的氨、大气颗粒物及其缓冲能力和气象条件有关;酸雨对生态系统、建筑物和人体健康都造成了严重危害,我国酸雨还有进一步加重的趋势,因此必须进一步加强和发展酸雨控制的对策和方法。

The outcome of various aspects in the research of acid rain in China is reviewed in this paper, which mainly includes the definition of acid rain, the characteristics of the spatial distribution, the chemical characteristics, the factors which affect acid rain＇s pH, the influence of acid rain on the ecosystem and society as well as the countermeasures and methods which can mitigate damages of acid rain. The traditional definition of acid rain is that the rain＇s pH less than 5.6, and further researches indicate that it is more reasonable to set 4.8 and 5.0 as pH threshold of acid rain over oceans and inland regions, respeetively. There is significant difference of the spatial distribution of acid rain in China, it is more serious in the south than that in the north, and the total ion concentration is very high in the precipitation in China, and acid rain presents typical vitriolic precipitation, there is high positive con＇elation between the acidity and the concentration ratio of（ SO4^2 - ＋ NO3^ - ） / （ NH4 ^ ＋ Ca^2＋ ）. The formation of acid rain is not only due to the acidic poilurant but also depends on those factors such as the transfer and diffusion of the pollutant, the soil character, the ammonia in the atmosphere, the neutralization ability of the atmospheric particles, the weather condition and so on. Acid rain has done serious harm to the ecosystem, the buildings and the people＇s health, and it has the trend to be more serious in China so we have to develop the further countermeasures and methods which can control the acid rain.