长城抗战研讨二题

Study of Battle of Great Wall

“一·二八”淞沪抗战与长城抗战为局部抗战之两大高潮。二役皆因日本扩大侵华而引起，国民政府采取了对日“一面抵抗，一面交涉”之方针，终以签订停战协定而结束。不同之点在于：“一·二八”之役，日本为掩护“满洲国”之成立，以攻为守，而长城之役，纯为进攻，为日本进一步侵占华北之先步；“一·二八”之役，前方第十九路军将领抗战主动坚决，热河防卫、长城之役，靠国民政府之督导部署；长城之役规模更大，牺牲更重；塘洁协定比淞沪停战协定对中国的危害更大。 热河沦陷后，蒋介石是在北上听取华北将领的汇报意见后，才作出批准张学良辞职之决定的。张学良辞职下野，反映了当时全国的呼声，是对其“九·一八”事变以来不抵抗主义的总清算。断言蒋介石为转嫁热河沦陷的责任，落井下石，逼张学良辞职，此说未必能够成立。

Battle of Songhu and battle of Great Wall were the two peaks in the local war. Both were originated by expansion of Japanese aggression. The administration adopted the policy of resistance one side and negotiation the other side, and finally the truce agreement was signed. There was also some difference. In the battle of Songhu, Japan defended mostly to secure the foundation of Manchuria, while during the battle of Great Wall Japan offended purely to prepare for the aggression of north China. Generals of Route 19 fought initiatively and firmly and the administration deployed to the battle of Songhu, Battle of Great Wall was on a larger scale. Treaty of Tanggu was more harmful to China than the treaty of Songhu truce agreement. To think Jiang Jieshi imputed the responsibility of Rehe being occupied to Zhang Xueliang is not in reason.