“满洲”如何演变为民族——论清中叶前“满洲”认同的历史变迁

How Manchu Became A Nation——Historical Evolvement of Manchu Identity before Middle Qing Dynasty

天聪九年,皇太极下诏以“满洲”来称呼被他统治的全体“诸申”部众。自那以后,这个原先由金元女真边缘人群后裔的部落集合蜕变而来的共同体,经历了一系列重大的变化。直到乾隆时代,通过将满洲人的集体记忆“世谱化”和重新勘定“满洲源流”等大规模的文化动员,满洲人的集体身份意识,方才成功地转型为以“共同血统”观念为中心的前现代民族认同。民族认同意识并不完全是“民族”作为一种“已然的客观存在”在人们观念中的反映,它实际上是民族“构建”的积极参与者。

In the year of 1635, Huang Taiji ordered to give the name of Manchu to all the people who were ruled by him and who were originally called as Jushen. After that, this community, which evolved from tribe gathers of the descendants of the people who had lived in periphery of the Nvchen tribes under the Jin regime, experienced series of great changes. Until Qianlong Period, through the cultural mobilizations of reconstructing the collective memory of the Manchus by genealogy-writing and reconfiguring origins of the Manchus, the group identity of Manchu eventually transformed into pre-modern national identity with the core concept of common descendent. National identity was not only a reflection of nation as an objective existence in people＇s conceptions; it was actually the positive participant of the national construction.