民事行为有效推定规则的构造及其运用——我国民事行为效力立法模式的检讨与重构

Structure and Application of Valid Presumption of Civil Acts: Reconsideration and Restructure of the Chinese Legislative Paradigm Concerning the Validity of Civil Acts

我国《民法通则》一方面以民事法律行为要件的形式概括规定了民事行为的有效要件,另一方面又列举规定了民事行为无效、可变更可撤销的具体情形的立法模式存在严重的逻辑空白。这种立法模式有违意思自治,也与各国立法的普遍选择相悖。民事行为有效具有先验性,是不能被“证实”而只能被“证伪”的,立法不应从正面规定民事行为的有效要件。民事行为一经成立即应推定为有效,法律另有规定或当事人另有约定的除外。

On one hand, the General Principles of the Civil Law of the PRC generally provides the requirements of valid civil acts; in the other hand, it indicates that the legislative paradigm contains severe logic defects in invalidating, altering and rescinding civil acts. Such a legislative mode is contrary to the self-governance of ideas and does not accord with that of other countries. This paper argues that a valid civil act is characterized by ＂apriority,＂ which can only be ＂counter evidenced＂ rather than ＂identified. ＂ Thus, statutes should not prescribe what civil acts are valid but what civil acts are invalid. In addition, this paper puts forward a valid presumption of civil acts and maintains that once a civil act is performed it should be presumed valid, unless otherwise provided by law or stipulated by the parties.