清初摄政、辅政体制与皇权政治

Systems of Regent and Assistant and Imperial Power Politics in Early Qing Dynasty

清初经历了叔王摄政、异姓大臣辅政的两种特殊的政治体制。入关前,太祖、太宗未定立储制度。皇太极过世,各派势力窥视皇权,戏剧性地达成拥立幼主福临,叔王摄政的体制。摄政王权势过重,威胁皇权,借机治罪多尔衮。康熙冲龄即位,借鉴前制陋规,形成以孝庄文皇后为核心的异姓大臣辅政统系,辅政失控,导致权臣鳌拜专权,再次危及皇权,而智捉鳌拜。摄政王、辅政大臣的争斗,反映了满洲八旗内旗籍矛盾的尖锐。摄政、辅政与皇权之间的冲突,构成了清代政治文化的重要内容,极大地影响着清初政治的价值取向。

There are two special political systems in early Qing Dynasty, namely regent system and senior ministers assistant system. The royal succession system to choose the crown prince is not established before entering Shanhaiguan. Fulin became the young emperor dramatically after Huangtaiji＇ s death as the result of compromise of different political powers with the prince Regent Ducergun ruling as the head of the government. The prince Regent had too much power that threatened the emperor, therefore he was deprived of power after Fulin grew up. Emperor Kangxi inherited his father Shunzhi＇s throne at the age of eight. As Kangxi was too young to rule, his father appointed the Four Senior Assistant Ministers in advance. After a keen power struggle, Oboi seized absolute power and threatened the imperial power again. Emperor Kangxi arrested Oboi with the help of the Grand Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang Wen eventually. These struggles were caused by the contradictions among the Eight Banners. The conflicts among the prince Regent, the assistant ministers and the emperor is an important part of political culture of the Qing Dynasty, and has a great impact on the value tropism in the early period of the Qing Dynasty.