河北省玉米田杂草组成及群落特征

Species composition and characterization of weed community in maize fields in Hebei Province

采用倒置“W”取样法对河北省玉米田杂草进行了调查,以明确田间杂草的种类组成及群落结构。结果表明,河北省玉米田杂草有136种(含变种),隶属于34科、97属,其中优势杂草有马唐、反枝苋、稗、马齿苋、藜、狗尾草、铁苋菜、刺儿菜、田旋花等9种,区域性优势杂草有10种,常见杂草有21种,一般杂草有96种。发生优势度较大的杂草为马唐、反枝苋、稗、马齿苋、藜、狗尾草等,是构成各地区田间杂草群落的优势种。张家口地区主要形成反枝苋+狗尾草+灰绿藜+藜为主的杂草群落,承德地区为马唐+稗+反枝苋+藜,唐山-秦皇岛地区为马唐+马齿苋+鸭跖草+稗+反枝苋,石家庄地区为马唐+牛筋草+铁苋菜+马齿苋。张家口和承德地区玉米田杂草群落的物种丰富度、多样性及均匀度较其它地区高,而优势度较低。从群落相似性来看,石家庄与唐山-秦皇岛地区群落结构最为相似。地理环境、气候条件及控草措施的不同,可能是导致玉米田杂草发生及群落组成产生差异的原因。

Weed survey was conducted by sampling methods of inverted W-pattern to determine the species composition and structure of weed communities in maize fields in Hebei Province. The results showed that 136 weed species （including varieties） belonging to 34 families and 97 genera were found. Among them, 9 species were considered as dominant weeds, including Digitaria sanguinalis, Amaranthus retroflexus, Echinochloa crusgalli, Portulaca oleracea, Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis, Acalypha australis, Cephalanoplos segetum and Convolvulus arvensis; 10 species were regional dominant weeds; 21 common weed species and 96 normal weed species. The overall abundance of Digitaria sanguinalis, Amaranthus retroflexus, Echinochloa crusgalli, Portulaca oleracea, Chenopodium album and Setaria viridis were relatively high and were the main components of weed communities in all maize regions in Hebei. Weed community is mainly consisted of Amaranthus retroflexus ＋ Setaria viridis ＋ Chenopodium glaacum ＋ Chenopodium album in Zhangjiakou region, Digitaria sanguinalis ＋ Echinochloa crusgalli ＋ Amaranthus retroflexus ＋ Chenopodium album in Chengde, Digitaria sanguinalis ＋ Portulaca oleracea ＋ Commelina communis ＋ Echinochloa crusgalli ＋ Amaranthus retroflexus in Tangshan-Qinhuangdao, Digitaria sanguinalis ＋ Eleusine indica ＋ Acalypha australis ＋Portulaca oleracea in Shijiazhuang. The species richness,diversity and evenness of weed community in maize fields in Zhangjiakou and Chengde were higher than other regions, but the Simpson＇s index was relatively lower. Based on the Sorensen＇s similarity index, the structure of weed community in Shijiazhuang region was similar to that of Tangshan-Qinhuangdao. The difference of weed occurrence and community structure might result from the geographical location, climatic condition and weed management practices.