论康熙“博学鸿儒科”之旨在笼络明遗民

Winning over the Adherents of the Ming Dynasty——Purpose of KANGXi's Learned Scholars Test

在明清更迭的历史进程中,“遗民因素”几乎始终是一个影响全局的变量,它直接影响和制约着清初社会秩序的重建。就清初遗民史的演绎而言,遗民现象随明清易代而衍生,因满汉文化冲突而凸显,也谐应着清廷政治的稳定和文化的整合而消解。其中,康熙“博学鸿儒科”的诏举无疑为遗民蜕变的枢纽。就主旨而言,博学鸿儒科既不在于粉饰太平,也不在于彰显文治,更不在于招揽人才,而在于笼络遗民士人。所以,是科虽有考试的形式,却只有游宴的实质;虽以“揽才”相标榜,却以“揽心”为归趋。

During the transitional process from Ming Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, adherents almost remained an influential factor, which directly affected and hindered the reconstruction of the social order in the early Qing Dynasty. This phenomenon made its first appearance with the replacement of dynasties, became more apparent with the conflicts between Manchurian and Chinese cultures, and finally disappeared with the political stability and cultural integrity of the Qing Government. Doubtlessly, Kang Xi＇s learned scholars test was a key point to it. Its main propose was neither a false presentation of peace and prosperity, nor a display of political achievement, nor a solicitation of personnel, hut a winning over of adherents. Accordingly, it is a kind of exam in form, but actually was not necessarily so; it aimed at, under the cover of personnel solicitation, winning them over.