中国古代都城遗址布局形制的考古发现所反映的社会形态变化研究

A STUDY OF THE CHANGES IN SOCIAL FORM REFLECTED FROM ARCAHEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN THE LAYOUT AND FORM OF ANCIENT CHINESE CAPITALS-SITES

目次 一 中国古代都城遗址布局形制的考古发现概述 二 史前聚落、城、都城发展史与社会形态变化的考古学研究 三 “单城制”、“双城制”、“三城制”与社会形态变化的考古学研究 四 古代都城宫庙建筑遗址考古发现及其所反映的社会形态变化的考古学研究 中国古代都城是古代王朝的政治统治中心、经济管理中心、文化礼仪活动中心、军事指挥中心，正如王国维先生所说，“都邑者，政治与文化之标征”。可以说古代都城是国家历史的缩影，因此说中国古代都城遗址考古是中国考古学中的重要内容。本文将根据中国古代都城遗址布局形制的考古发现，探讨中国古代社会形态变化及其相关问题。

Through nearly 70 years of remitting efforts in the archaeological exploration and excavation of ancient Chinese capital-sites, archaeologists have achieved abundant academic accomplishments and obtained rather broad and profound knowledge of the layout and form of these capitals. Archaeological excavation and study indicate that the emergence of the ancient capital was contemporaneous with the formation of the kingdom. The capital of the kingdom period was developed from the ＂city＂ of the ＂chiefdom＂ period; and the latter, from the prehistoric settlement. In general, the ＂chiefdom＂ period ＂city＂ was a single city with the nature of the ＂palace-city＂ in later times. The kingdom period capital was generally a ＂double city＂ consisting of an outer city （i. e. ＂larger city＂） and an palace-city （i. e. ＂smaller city＂）. The latter was the political stage of the dynasty, while the former, a place for organs and their staffs serving the royal house. The capital in the imperial age was usually a ＂triple city＂ comprising an outer city, an inner one （or ＂imperial city） and a palace-city. The latter was the political stage of the imperial house, and the middle was the location of the centralized state governmental organs, as well as the temple to the emperor＇s ancestors, those to the god of the land and the god of grain, and imperial religious temples. The evolution from the ＂single city＂ to the ＂double city＂ and then to the ＂triple city＂ reflected the historical development and change in social form. But as the political development of social form did not synchronize with that of material culture （or archaeological culture）, generally speaking, the latter showed clear backwardness in comparison with the former. The palaces and ancestral temples in ancient capitals represented the ＂geographical political group＂ and the ＂consanguineous political group＂ respectively. Their changes in layout, form, location and distribution generally reflected the rise and fall of the strength of ＂geographical politics＂ and ＂consanguineous politics,＂ and showed respective features of different social forms.