控制体质量对运动员机体组织的影响及其饮食对策

Effect of controlling body mass on athlete's organism and the diet methods

目的:分析运动员控制体质量对其机体组织的影响,并提出饮食对策,为运动员科学控制体质量提供理论根据。方法:手工查阅与运动员控制体质量相关的书籍和文献,纳入的均为以运动员为观察对象的资料,应用文献资料法进行综合分析。结果:严格限制食物和液体的摄入,会引起脱水、心血管的风险、体蛋白质和无机盐及维生素的丢失、体温调节失衡、肾功能改变、肌肉和肝糖原储备耗损等,故减体质量要循序渐进地进行。可以分为3个阶段:第1阶段为准备适应期,食物供热量为需要量的80%～90%;第2阶段为降体质量期,食物供热量为需要量的60%～70%;第3阶段为巩固期。减体质量期应保持高维生素、低糖、低脂,并供给必需的无机盐,适当加强蛋白质营养,加强医务监督,有时还需调整运动量和食谱。结论:控制体质量对运动员机体组织的影响是多方面的,各种影响是相互关联的,减重要循序渐进,并保证充足的睡眠、蛋白质和维生素。

AIM： To analyze effect of controlling athlete＇s body mass on their organism, and offer diet method and provide theory basis for scientifically contorl their body mass. METHODS： Literatures of controlling body mass for athletes by hand. Those data taking atheletes as observational subjects were included, and using literature ＆ datum method to perform comprehensive analysis. RESULTS： . Severely restricted the intake of food and liquid would induce deaquation, cardiovascular disease, loss of protein, inorganic salt and vitamin, disequilibrium of homoiothermism, change of renal function, muscle, reservation and depletion of hepatic glycogen and so on. Thus, loss body mass should be done gradually. It could be assigned into 3 phases： The 1 phase was the preparation Period, 80%- 90% food heat supply; The 2 phase was decreasing body mass period, 60%-70% food heat supply; The 3 phase was consolidation. In the decreasing body mass period, we should keep high vitamin, low glucose, low lipid and supply necessary inorganic salt, appropriately strengthen protein, augment medical surveillance, sometime, adjust amount of motion and dietary. CONCLUSION： Influence of controlling body mass on athlete＇s organism is various, and multiple effects .are syntrophic. Losing body mass should be step by step, in the precondition of keeping sufficient sleep, protein and vitamin.