明初“广行招谕”治藏方策探究

A Probe into the Strategy of 'Carrying out Amnesty and Enlist policy' Extensively to Fathering Tibet in the Beginning Ming Dynasty

洪武初年,明太祖朱元璋确立“广行招谕”的治藏政策,先在甘青藏区用兵,以此为立足点,继而广泛招抚藏传佛教各派高僧来朝输诚,同时派遣使者招谕吐蕃各部,尤其重视已归附的藏区首领、内地的佛教高僧参与入藏招抚。对前来归顺的藏族各部僧俗首领,视其原职务地位高低予以相应的封授。上述治藏方策的政治意义和战略意义大于实际管理意义,但也存在着与藏族地区政教合一的社会结构不相吻合的憾缺。

In the first year of Ming dynasty, the emperor Zhu Yuan-zhang set up the strategy of ＇carrying out amnesty and enlist policy＇ to fathering Tibet. The government first put troops to the region of Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet and set up their standing point, and then extensively enlisted and comforted dignitaries of each branch of Tibetan Buddhism and asked them to come to the Court and show their loyalty to the Court. Meanwhile the central government sent messengers to enlist each Tibetan tribes. They paid special attention to those chiefs and dignitaries who had already come over and pledged allegiance to the Court and asked them to undertake the enlist work in Tibet. As to those chiefs who came to pledged allegiance, the government granted them relatively according to their former level. The political and strategic meaning of the above strategy of fathering Tibet was far more important than its practical administrating benefit although there was disharmony to the social structure of combining administration with religion in Tibetan region.