对两宋时期和亲理念的初步考察

A Preliminary Investigation of the Concept of Cementing Friendly Relations with National Minorities Through Marriage During the North and South Song Dynasties

在中国古代历史上,绝大多数朝代都有和亲或具有和亲性质的联姻关系,只有宋明两朝没有与少数民族政权和亲。从表面来看,由于宋、明没有实行和亲,似乎使中国古代和亲历史中断了两个朝代,其实则不然。仅就宋朝而言,既有部分大臣对历史上的和亲问题作过反思与评论,又有君臣讨论如何应对辽及西夏的求亲,也有大臣就和亲问题与辽进行外交谈判。两宋时期的大臣大都借助对历史上的和亲的反思与评论而阐述自己的民族关系主张。大致说来,北宋时期的大臣对历史上的和亲大都持肯定或基本肯定的态度,而对现实的和亲则大都持反对意见;南宋时期的大臣大都对和亲持否定态度,以评论和亲而反对南宋与金议和。他们所谈论的和亲,多数指两个政权的通婚,有时也指议和。两宋时期的和亲概念,无论是其内涵还是性质,都已发生了变化,与汉唐时期和亲的概念有很大差异。所以,对两宋时期出现的和亲,切不可全部以通婚视之。宋辽之间就和亲问题的外交谈判,充分体现了当时宋朝君臣对和亲问题的认识程度。北宋之所以拒绝辽和西夏的求婚,主要在于宋朝君臣的民族偏见,他们把和亲政策与伦理道德对立起来,从体面、尊严等方面审视和亲,提出“和亲辱国”的极端看法。加之辽在开始时明确要求宋朝皇帝的女儿出嫁,进一步加重了宋朝君臣的心理负担和羞耻感。宋朝的“和亲”概念及和亲理念,丰富、发展和深化了中国传统的和亲思想,是中国古代和亲历史的重要组成部分。

The government officers of the North and South Song Dynasties often expounded their views about nationality relations by means of the examples of cementing friendly relations with national minorities through marriage in the past. Generally speaking, the government officers of the North Song Dynasty held a negative attitude or basically negative attitude towards the affairs of cementing friendly relations with the national minorities through marriage, whereas most of the officers of the South Song Dynasty held an affirmative attitude about it. The concept of cementing the friendly relations with national minorities through marriage in the song Dynasties greatly enriched the traditional ideas of cementing friendly relations with national minorities through marriage in ancient china, and they are an important component of the history of cementing friendly relations with national minorities through marriage in ancient China.