辞格特征与辞格辨识——谈借喻和借代、移就和比拟的区别

The Features and Discrimination of Figures of Speech——On the Differences between Metonymy and Synecdoche and Hypallage and Comparison

辞格特征是认知在语言上的反映,据此可以辨识相似易混的辞格:借喻和借代从认知特征上看,借喻的特征体现在喻体上,借代的特征体现在本体上;从语义指向上看,借喻中谓词的语义指向喻体,借代中谓词的语义指向本体。移就和拟人从认知特征上看,移就的特征体现在做修饰语的形容词上,拟人体现在做谓语的谓词上;从语用目的看,拟人是使物具有人的特征或动作,使之更形象生动;移就是为了突出非修饰者———“人”,使情感显得更深沉。

The features of figures of speech are the reflection of cognition on language, and accordingly similar figures of speech that are likely to be confused can be discriminated：viewing in the light of features of cognition, the features of metonymy are embodied in metonymy itself while those of synecdoche are embodied in the main body;viewing in the light of semantic meaning,the predicate in metonymy points to metonymy itself, while the predicate in synecdoche points to the main body. As to hypallage and comparison, the features of hypallage are embodied in the adjective modifiers, while those of comparison are embodied in the predicate words. Viewing in the light of pragmatics, comparison make things have the features and actions of human beings, thus become more active and vivid, while hypallage is to make the unmodified human beings outstanding, and make feelings deeper.