新疆草地生态价值及其可持续开发利用的研究

Study of the Ecological Value and Sustainable Exploitation and Utilization of Xinjiang Grassland

草地是陆地上面积最大的生态系统类型,对于地处干旱区的新疆,新疆天然草地面积5725.88万hm2,可利用面积4800.68万hm2,草地面积是耕地面积的15倍,是森林面积的22倍,占全区绿色面积的86%,是最宝贵、最经济、可更新的自然资源。草地是新疆农业自然资源的重要组成部分,是发展草地畜牧业的重要基础,通过对新疆草地特点阐述,本文将草地生态价值分为气体调节、气候调节、干扰调节、水资源调节和供应、侵蚀控制、土壤形成、营养循环、废物处理、植物授粉、生物控制、栖息地、食物生产、原材料、基因资源、娱乐文化等15个方面,并结合新疆温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原、高寒草原、温性草原化荒漠、温性荒漠、高寒荒漠、低平地草甸、山地草甸、沼泽等11种不同类型草地特点进行分析。新疆草地也存在一些问题和弱点,这与西部干旱草地区域有很大的共性,由于新疆平原与山地草地季节性组合经营,转场距离长,荒漠比重大,生态系统脆弱等特点,使新疆草地开发利用中矛盾就更加突出,主要表现在:牧草产量与质量的季节不平衡性与牲畜营养需要的不一致性,牧草产量年度间的不平衡性,水资源与草场的不平衡性。同时,由于草地畜牧业生产经营上长期以来靠天养畜,牧区盲目追求年终牲畜存栏数,使草地因超载过牧而呈现退化现象。文章在阐述新疆草地资源开发利用现状的基础上,从提高科学认识,转变思想观念、加强草地建设、逐步改变靠天养畜的现状等3个方面提出了新疆草地资源可持续开发利用的具体措施。

Grassland is an important part of agriculture resources in Xiniiang, it is the most valuable and economic nature resources, and it is also an important base for development of stock raising. In this paper , grassland features of Xiniiang were described , and the grassland values of ecology were classified into fifteen different sorts . Such as gas regulation, climate regulation, disturbance regulation, water resource regulation and suply, erosion control, soil form, nourishment circulation, waste dispose, plant pollination, biology control, habitat, food product, raw and processed materials, gene resources, entertainment culture, and so on. The values of ecology which associated with eleven different kinds of grassland were analyzed. There were also some problems for grassland in Xinjiang. Such as the imbalance between grassland and water resource, the imbalance of grass productions in different seasons. After the analyzing of current grassland exploitation and utilization , the way and the feasible countermeasures of sustainable development of the grassland were discussed .