汉语方言里的“使然”与“非使然”

Causedness vs. non-causedness in Chinese dialects

某些汉语方言如闽语、湘语、徽语、胶辽官话中,相当于普通话"在"的介词有两个(或两套);如果持续貌的形式是由这些词所构成的介词结构语法化而来的,所形成的持续貌形式也分两套。两套"在"或两套持续貌形式之间的语义差别,在于一套带有"使然"的语法意义,另一套没有。"使然"的处所介词或持续情貌标记,表示的"处于"义或"进行"、"状态持续"义是"有某种因素使其如此"的;与之相对的"非使然"则是"客观上如此"的。"使然"同已知的"处置"、"未然"、"动向"("趋向")、"动态"(与"静态"相对)等意义不同,同语气义中的"祈使"、情态义中的"客观情势要求"等也有所不同。

In Min,Xiang,Hui dialects and Jiaoliao Mandarin,among others,there are two or two sets of prepositions equivalent to zai(在) in Putonghua.Similarly,there also exist two sets of continuous aspect markers in these dialects.The difference between the sets of prepositions and of continuous aspect markers can be generalized as the grammatical contrast of causedness vs. non-causedness.The caused locational prepositions or continuous aspects markers imply certain factors as the causes for being so located,progressive or continuous.By contrast,the non- caused sets only indicate the case as it is with no specific cause.