松墨天牛的全球潜在分布区分析

Global potential geographical distribution of Monochamus alternatus

松墨天牛MonochamusalternatusHope分布在亚洲东部,是松材线虫Bursaphelenchusxylophilus(SteinerandBuhrer)在亚洲最有效的昆虫媒介,同时也是重要的蛀干害虫。利用CLIMEX模型分析松墨天牛分布区的气候限制因子,并在全球范围预测它的潜在分布区。模型分析结果表明,温度和降水是松墨天牛分布区的主要气候限制因子。温度在30°N以北地区和30°S以南地区主要表现为冷胁迫,在非洲中部、南亚和澳大利亚北部表现为热胁迫。有效积温不足可能是限制松墨天牛向北扩散的主要原因。降水在中国西北地区、非洲中北部、澳大利亚中部和西部与美国西部主要表现为干胁迫。降水量对分布区范围影响不大。预测结果表明,松墨天牛的全球潜在分布区远远大于实际分布范围。松墨天牛在东半球的潜在分布区包括亚洲东部和南部地区、地中海沿岸、非洲的中部和南部以及澳大利亚的东部和南部,在亚洲热带的潜在分布区1年3代,地中海地区1年1代,非洲1年2～3代,在澳大利亚主要1年1代。松墨天牛在西半球的潜在分布区主要集中在美国南部和东部沿海地区,中美洲以及南美洲的广大地区,美国主要1年1代,中美洲1年2～3代,南美洲主要1年2代。

The Japanese pine sawyer （Monochamus alternatus Hope）, the most effective insect-vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus（Steiner and Buhrer） in Asia, occurrs in eastern Asia. The CLIMEX model was utilized to seek to climatic limiting factors and predict the global potential distribution areass of M. alternatus based upon the sawyer＇ s known Asian distribution. The model indicated temperature and precipitation are major climatic limiting factors. Cold stress may influence the sawyer＇ s population persistence in regions north of 30°N and south of 30°S, and so do heat stress in regions of central Afirca, southern Asia and northern Australia. Less effective accumulated temperature might limit spread of M. alternatus. The sawyer might also be limited by dry stress in western and northern China, central Africa, western and northern Australia and western USA. The results suggested that M. a/ternatus appears to occupy a small fraction of its potential distribution. The potential distribution of M. alternatus in the Eastern hemisphere included eastern and southern Asia, the Mediterranean Sea, central and southern Africa, and eastern and southern Australia. M. alternatus possibly have three generation per year in the potential distribution areas of tropical Asia, one generation per year in the potential distribution areas of the Mediterranean Sea, two or three generations per year in the potential distribution areas of Africa, and one generation per year in the potential distribution areas of Australia. The potential distribution of M. alternatus in the Western hemisphere included eastern and southern USA and most parts of Central America and South America. M. alternatus possibly have one generation per year in the potential distribution areas of USA, two or three generations per year in the potential distribution areas of Central America, and two generations per year in the potential distribution areas of South America.