启功先生论魏晋玄学、玄言诗及玄言诗人

Prof.Qigong's Discussions on Metaphysics,Metaphysical Poems and Metaphysical Poets in Wei and Jin Dynasties

启功先生不以研治魏晋玄学及玄言诗闻名,但他在这些方面至少有三个观点值得我们关注:一是关于道教对魏晋玄学及玄言诗兴起的启示,启先生认为,早期五斗米道、太平道等道教组织所表现出来的强大战斗力和破坏力,使意图从思想、理论上颠覆儒学独尊地位的人,有足够的信心以道家思想为基础来构建一种反传统的新思想;二是关于《兰亭诗》与玄言诗的关系,启先生认为无论是从使用的词汇还是从表达的意趣上来看,《兰亭诗》都应该算作非常重要的玄言诗。同一个诗人所写的四言和五言,在词语和意义上都有一定的联系,这反映了他们探索诗歌体式的过程;三是对于陶渊明、谢灵运、支遁等玄言诗人,启功先生也从诗歌创作的角度,说明了他们在生活和创作上是否自然的问题。

Prof. Qigong is not famous for his research in the metaphysics and the metaphysical poems in Wei and Jin Dynasties, but three views he made are worth attention. The first is the revelation of Taoism upon the metaphysics and the metaphysical poems. He thinks that the Wudoumi （Five-Dou-of-Rice） sect of Taoism li. e. with each member delivering five dou of rice as membership due, hence the name）, and the Taiping （Peace） sect of Taoism, show a forceful battle effectiveness and destructive power. They enabled those, who conceived intention and ideology to turn over the unique status of Confucianism, had enough confidence to set up an anti-tradition on Taoist ideas. The second is about the relationship between the collected poem created at Lanting and the metaphysical poems. Prof. Qigong reckons that the collected Lanting poems should be treated as metaphysical ones whether from the lexical items used or from the aesthetic tastes. Moreover, the poems with four-word a line and five-word a line composed by the same poets have always certain association both in expression and in content, which reveals their exploration processes in poem paradigm. The third is that Prof. Qigong expounded the issues of naturalness both in life and in creation of such metaphysical poets as TAO Yuan-ming, XIE Ling- yun, ZHI Dun and others.