马克思与阿尔都塞意识形态理论比较研究

Being and Function of Ideology: A Comparative Research on Althusser's and Marx's Ideology Theories

马克思与阿尔都塞的意识形态理论的主要相同点和不同点在于:1.关于意识形态的存在问题:马克思认为意识形态“没有历史”,且在阶级社会中,意识形态作为一种“观念的上层建筑”而存在;而阿尔都塞则认为意识形态尽管没有历史(指的是意识形态一般,而不是意识形态的具体形式),但却永恒存在,而且意识形态是作为一种社会结构而存在;2.关于意识形态的意义或功能问题:马克思认为,在阶级社会中意识形态扮演的是“阶级社会的维护意识”,在全部人类历史中,则承担着人类文化发展的载体的角色;阿尔都塞则认为,意识形态以其“物质性”特征发挥着意识形态国家机器的作用,而在全部人类社会历史中,意识形态则承担着主体建构者的角色,即意识形态的功能,就是将“个体召唤为主体”。

The main similarity and difference between the Marxist ideology theory and that of the Althusser＇s lie as follows, As for the being of ideology, Marx argues that ideology ＂has no history＂; it is a being of ＂ideal superstructure＂ in the class society. But Althusser thinks that ideology acts as a social structure and will never disappear, even though it has no history in the general （but not the specific） form. As for the meaning and function of ideology, Marx conceives that ideology works as ＂supportive idea＂ for the class society; it is a medium for culture development throughout the whole human history; but Althusser deems that the function of ideology, in the form of materiality, functions as a state machine, and plays the role of subject constructor.