北魏太武帝的鲜卑本名

The Original Name of Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynastyin Xianbei Language

南朝史书提到北魏太武帝拓跋焘的“字”时,或称“佛狸”,或称“狸伐”,或称“佛狸伐”,隋代魏澹《魏史》,也说他“字佛釐”。其实这正是拓跋焘的鲜卑本名,这一本名的全称是“佛狸伐”,对应的鲜卑语词应当是bribag,这个结构与魏晋时期鲜卑诸部的称号传统完全一致。bri是古代北族(既有显然属于阿尔泰语系的鲜卑、突厥,也有可能不属于阿尔泰语系的乌孙,还有语言属性尚不明朗的匈奴)常用的称号,如乌孙之拊离,突厥之附离,匈奴之符离,鲜卑之附力。在充分华夏化了的拓跋鲜卑的历史记录上,已经找不到其民族起源传说中狼的因素。凭借北魏太武帝拓跋焘的鲜卑“本名”佛狸伐,我们可以了解,拓跋集团的核心部族也曾经以狼为官号。由此可知,和匈奴、突厥等游牧民族一样,狼在拓跋鲜卑的精神生活和政治生活中,曾经也是相当重要的。

According to the historical records of the Southern Dynasties, the original name of Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty was Folifa (佛狸伐, or bri bg) in Xianbei language. Bli was a common title among the northern people in ancient times, such as among the Altaic-speaking Xianbei and Turk, the non-Altaic Wusun and the Xiongnuwhoselanguage family remains unknown. In the historical records of Tuoba Xianbei, which had beenfully Sinicized, the element of wolf in their legend about the ethnic origin could not be found any more. By means of Emperor Taiwu's original name of Folifa, we can judge that the core clan of the Tuoba group once took the wolf as their official title, and that the wolf was an important spiritual and political symbol among Tuoba Xianbei, as among the nomadic people like Xiongnu and Turk.