跨膝关节后纵隔入路的建立及临床应用

Establishment of arthroscopic trans-septal approach and its clinical application

目的探讨跨膝关节后纵隔入路(ATS)的建立方法及临床应用效果。方法10具新鲜防腐膝关节标本进行后纵隔的大体解剖,65例行后室关节镜镜下观察,包括类风湿关节炎、色素绒毛结节性滑膜炎、骨性关节炎、后室游离体或异物、后交叉韧带(PCL)损伤或撕脱骨折、半月板后角损伤、不明原因关节肿痛积液、剥脱性骨软骨炎、化脓性关节炎、痛风。2002年1月—2005年6月,我们共采用ATS入路进行关节镜检查和治疗22例。先建立前外侧入路,关节镜监视下建立后外侧入路。同法建立前内侧与后内侧入路。把关节镜置于后内侧入路,从前内侧入路进入刨刀逐步刨除PCL表面的滑膜组织,再把关节镜置于前内侧入路,从后内侧入路引入钝头转换棒,指向PCL后缘中份处的后纵隔,向外侧轻柔地推顶后纵隔。把关节镜置于后外侧入路,镜视下引导穿出钝头转换棒建立ATS。结果后纵隔位于膝关节后室正中,在矢状面上呈幕布状,在横断面上呈三明治样结构。关节镜下见后纵隔表面被覆盖滑膜组织。22例均成功建立ATS入路,占同期膝关节后室治疗的34％(22／65)。行膝关节后室滑膜切除术7例,游离体取出6例,PCL重建术4例,PCL撕脱骨折复位固定2例。骨性关节炎6例中,分别行镜下软骨成形、炎性滑膜切除、半月板成形术。所有病例均未发生血管神经损伤。所有病例临床随访4～45个月,平均20个月,9例患者仍有轻微疼痛或关节肿胀,2例患者疼痛剧烈,已推荐行全膝关节置换术,其余11例患者未见关节肿痛症状复发。结论ATS入路在镜下视野无盲区,能够跨后纵隔进行手术操作,是一种安全有效诊治膝关节后室疾病的方法。从内侧向外侧建立ATS比较可靠,后交叉韧带可以作为建立ATS时的内标志物。

Objective To investigate the method and result of arthroscopic trans-septal approach （ATS）. Methods Ten fresh cadaveric knees were prepared for anatomical study about the posterior septum, and 65 posterior compartment arthroscopy of the knees were performed to view the structure of the posterior septum. The initial diagnosis included： rheumatoid arthritis, pigmented villonodular synovitis, osteoarthritis, loose body or foreign body in the posterior compartment, posterior cruciate ligament （PCL） injury or avulsion fracture, posterior horn tear of meniscus, undiagnosed swollen knee with pain and effusion, osteochondritis dissecans, pyogenic arthritis, gout. From January 2002 to June 2005, 22 cases of ATS were applied. Anterolateral portal was initially created, followed by posterolateral portal under the viewing of arthroscopy which was located at the anterolateral portal. Anteromedial and posteromedial portals were also created using the same technique. Arthroscopy was then transferred to the posteromedial portal, and blade was introduced from the anteromedial portal to gradually remove the synovium covering PCK Arthroscopy was relocated to the anteromedial portal, Wissinger rod was introduced from the posteromedial portal and pointed to the posterior septum adjacent to the posterior edge of the midportion of PCK The Wissinger rod was pushed carefully to pierce through the posterior septum under the sight of arthroscopy which was located at the posterolateral portal. ATS was finally created. Results The posterior septum was in the middle of posterior compartment of the knee, which was film screen-like at the sagittal plane and sandwich-like at the transverse plane. The synovium covered the posterior septum at arthroscopic inspection.Twenty-two cases of ATS were successfully created, amounting to 34% （22/65） of all cases at the same period which had received the arthroscopy of posterior compartments of the knees. Synovectomy of the posterior compartments of the knees was performed in 7 cases, loose body removal was in 6 cases, PCL reconstruction was in 4 cases, reduction and fixation of PCL avulsion fracture was in 2 cases. Chondroplasty, inflammatory synovectomy, and meniscectomy were performed accordingly in 6 osteoarthritis cases. No vascular or nervous injury was encountered. At an average of 20 months follow-up （range, 4 to 45 months） , 9 cases still had mild knee pain or swelling, 2 cases had severe pain and were recommended for total knee replacement, the other 11 cases had no recurrence of knee pain or swelling. Conclusions ATS has no blind area under arthroscopic vision and facilitate trans-septal operation. It is a safe and effective method to treat the diseases of the posterior compartment of the knee. The direction of inside to outside to create ATS is comparatively reliable, and PCL could be identified as an interior landmark during the passage of Wissinger rod through posterior septum to create ATS.