新型绿色液体推进剂研究进展

Development of Green Liquid Propellants

对近年来国内外出现的新型绿色(无毒、对环境友好)液体推进剂进行了评述。硝酸羟铵基单组元推进剂具有冰点低、密度比冲高、安全无毒的特点,适用于小卫星和上面级,催化分解技术还有待深入研究;二硝酰胺铵基单组元推进剂比冲高于硝酸羟胺基单元推进剂,发动机脉冲工作能力可与无水肼发动机相媲美,但目前发动机预热温度和燃烧室温度都过高;高浓度过氧化氢/醇基推进剂比冲为常规推进剂比冲的93%,密度比冲为102%;过氧化氢/叠氮胺类不但密度比冲高,而且可实现自燃;一氧化二氮基双组元推进剂在微推进系统中有广泛的应用前景;原子推进剂以其优良的比冲性能将给航天运载器带来革命性的飞跃,但对低温技术提出了挑战。

A review of the latest progress in three sorts of green liquid propellant, including monopropellants, bipropellants and atomic propellants, has been presented. Hydroxylammonium nitrate （HAN） monopropellant, with low freezing point and high density specific impulse, can be used in small satellite and upper stage of spacecraft while the problem on its catalyzing and decomposing has been resolved. Ammonium dinitramide monopropellant has higher density specific impulse than HAN based monopropellant, and comparing to hydrazine monopropellant, it almost has the same engine power in pulse mode except the temperature in engine preheator and combustion chamber is a little higher. Hydrogen peroxide/azido-amine combination is hypergolic bipropellant with high density specific impulse. Bipropellant combinations based on nitrogen monoxide can be widely applied in micro-propulsion systems. Atomic propellants may bring revolutionary leap to launch vehicle, but the challenge in cryogenic technology has been put forward.