1Hunt SA,Baker DW,Chin MH,et al.ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult:executive summary.A report of the ACC/AHA task force on practice guidelines[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2001 ;38(7):2101-14.
3Packer M,Bristow MR,Cohn JN,et al.The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure[ J].N Engl J Med,1996 ;334 (21):1349-55.
1Hansson L,Hedner T,Dahlof B.Prospective randomized open blinded end-point(PROBE)study.A novel design for intervention trials.Prospective Randomized Open Blinded End-Point.Blood Press,1992,1:113-119.
2Metra M,Nodari S,D′Aloia A,et al.Effects of neurohormonal antagonism on symptoms and quality-of-life in heart failure.Eur Heart J,1998,19(Suppl B):B25-B35.
3Packer M,Colucci WS,Sackner-Bernstein JD,et al.Double-blind,placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure.The PRECISE Trial.Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Carvedilol on Symptoms and Exercise.
4Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure:Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure(MERIT-HF).Lancet,1999,353:2001-2007.
5Metra M,Giubbini R,Nodari S,et al.Differential effect of β-blockers in patients with heart failure.A prospective,randomized,double-blind comparison of the long-term effect of metoprolol versus carvedilol.Circulation,2000,102:546-551.
6Consensus recommendations for the management of chronic heart failure.On behalf of the membership of the advisory council to improve outcomes nationwide in heart failure[].The American Journal of Cardiology.1999
10Hunt SA,Baker DW,Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the evuluation and management of chromic heart failure in the adult executive summary. A report of the ACC/AHA task force on practice guidelines[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2001,38 (7) :2101 - 2114