句子的中心与助动词占据的谓头语法位置

Sentence Head and the Predicate-Initial Position

当代生成语法的X阶标理论是对结构主义的向心结构理论的扩充和发展,其最重要的创新之处在于认定所有的合格句法格式都是向心结构。句子也是一种向心结构。担当句子的中心成分的不是个词汇性语类,而是个功能性语类。在汉语类语言中就是那个缺乏外现语音形式的功能范畴“谓素”。这个中心成分跟其他所有中心成分一样,也占据着一个实实在在的语法位置,并在句法系统中以其特有的方式担负三项重要角色。助动词在线性语序上最靠近句子中心成分,在结构关系上跟句子中心成分最密切。助动词虽本身不是句子中心,但是却常常移入句子中心的谓头位置,并在那里跟后面的动词性短语形成一种特殊的“中心成分—补足成分”关系,性质上完全平行于述宾结构关系。如果套用传统语法的概念和范式,我们可以说动词性短语是助动词的“宾语”。这一分析方法可以比较合理地解释一系列重要的语法现象,那些现象是任何一个分析模式都无法回避却迄今未见有人进行合理解释的。

The X-Bar Theory of the Generative Grammar is an extension of the endocentric construction theory of structuralism in spirit.It is extended in the sense that all well-formed constructions are endocentric,being either lexical or functional.Sentences are also endocentric constructions thus they all have a“head”.In terms of linear ordering,auxiliaries are the closed constituents to the sentence head position.Although it is not the sentence head by itself,an auxiliary is always triggered to move into the sentence head position whereby it constitutes a particular type of“Head-Complement”relationship with the complement in predicate position exactly on a par with Verb-Object relationship.As demonstrated in this article,a set of important grammatical phenomena can be explained quite naturally under the analytical framework proposed here.