秦汉社会势力及其官僚化问题——以商人为中心的探讨

Social Forces in Qin and Han Dynasties and Bureaucratization——A discussion focused on businessmen

社会势力的产生是古代国家与社会关系发展过程中的必然现象。国家既利用掌握政治、经济、文化等资源的特殊地位实施统治,注重吸收、改造、利用、动员、协调各种社会力量服务于国家,又对各种可能危害统治阶级的社会势力实施控制、打击,这是我们常见的国家与社会势力之间既相统一又相矛盾的现象。实际上,历代国家的盛衰,都与其能否处理好与各种社会势力的关系有关。秦汉社会势力因其身份构成的不同、所处历史时期的不同而与国家政权的关系十分复杂而微妙,商人就是其中的代表之一。

Social forces were inevitable in the development of ancient states and social relationships. The state ruled by controlling political, economic and cultural resources, concentrated on absorbing, changing, using, mobilizing and coordinating various social forces to serve the state, but at the same time controlled and defeated the social forces threatening the ruling class. This shows the accordant and contradictory relationship between the state and social forces. In fact, the rise and fall of every state is related to whether it can tackle the relationship successfully. Due to different identity structures and historical periods, social forces in Qin and Han had a very complicated and subtle relationship with the state. Businessmen were a case in point.