北魏制度转型论析

On System Transformation in Northern Wei Dynasty

北魏政治制度由原先胡汉杂糅的二元政治体制向魏晋以来的汉族政体转换,并通过三次较大变革使北魏政治体制逐渐南朝化,政治制度的转型推动拓跋鲜卑由部落联盟走向家国一体的帝制时代。经济体制主要由军事掠夺和畜牧经济向农业经济转化,农业税收占据北魏财政收入的比重居于主导地位标志着经济转型的完成,而经济体制的转型又引发诸多新矛盾产生。北魏文化的转型就是拓跋鲜卑抛弃本民族旧有的语言、宗教信仰、服饰、发式、丧葬习俗等而全面向汉文化靠拢,对周礼的吸收与运用从一个方面反映了北魏文化转型的彻底性。

The essence of system transformation in Northern Wei Dynasty is the process of system innovation. Its political system transformed from the former dual system of Hu and Han to the system of Han. This transformation advanced minority groups to be on the way to unity of our nation. Its economic system transformed from military plunder and animal husbandry to agricultural economy. The agricultural tax played the dominant role in the government income. Its cultural transformation was from giving up ethnic groups＇ unique language, religion, and customs to learning from culture of Han nationality.