义务、自律与至善——康德伦理思想中的几个重要范畴分析

Duty,Autonomy and Perfect Good——Some Important Categories in Kant's Ethics

在康德看来,真正的道德行为不仅必须出于义务,而且也只能出于义务;只要是出于义务的行为,无论其效果如何,都必定是道德的行为。康德所谓的自律,提升了道德的主体性,但他又把自律变成了没有任何内容的空洞形式。康德把至善当作一种道德理想,当作一种在现实世界中难能而只有在彼岸世界才可能的圆满的善。但实际上,至善并不能解决道德与幸福的关系问题。

In Kant＇ s opinion, a moral act is not only out of duty, but also only out of duty. If an act is out of duty, regardless of its effect, it is bound to be a moral act. Autonomy expressed by Kant promotes subjectivity of morality, but Kant also tumed autonomy into an empty form with no content. Kant took perfect good as a moral ideal that is not in the real world but in a dreamland. In fact, this ideal cannot solve the problem of relations between happiness and morality.