农民工职业分层与人力资本约束

The Occupational Categorization of Farmer Laborers and Human Capital Restriction

职业选择与人力资本密切相关。在双重分割的城市劳动力市场上,农民工主要在具有完全竞争特点的农民工劳动力市场上进行职业选择,因此,人力资本对农民工职业选择的影响更具根本性。对杭州地区农民工的问卷调查和实证分析表明,文化程度对农民工成为管理、专业技术人员和公司职员的影响最为显著;职业培训经历有助于提高农民工成为公司职员和在服务业、工业和建筑业就业概率;年龄对农民工在服务业、工业和建筑业的就业概率的影响最为显著;而拥有城市工作经验对农民工职业选择具有普遍的积极作用。因此,当前对农村劳动力的人力资本投资应在保障农村义务教育的基础上,大力发展农村职业教育,同时加强对农民工的职业培训和就业指导。

Job selection is related to human capital. In the urban job market, farmer laborers mainly select their jobs in the fully competitive one for rural laborers. As a result, human capital has become the precondition for their job selection. The questionnaire and demonstration analysis for farmer laborers in the Hangzhou area indicate that educational level may decide their position as manager, technician or company employee; that job training experience is conductive to the employment rate in service industry, factory industry and construction industry, while age is the key factor in this regard; and that the working experience in the cities is positive for the laborers to select their jobs. It is thus concluded that on the basis of compulsory education, we should invest more human capital in developing vocational education and enhancing job training and vocational guidance. Firstly, we categorize the occupation of farmer laborers, according to the questionnaire statistics, into the following five： （1） managers and technicians; （2） company employees; （3 wholesalers and retailers; （4） service workers; and （5） construction and other industrial workers. In addition, we measure their human capital situation by educational level, vocational training, working experience in the cities, age and sex, which can reflect their individual characteristic as extrinsic consideration. It is obviously manifested in the distribution chart that there is close relationship between educational level and occupation. Secondly, we have established a Multinomial Logit model regarding farmer laborers＇ job selection to analyze the influence on the jobs exerted by various human capital factors. The analysis shows that different factors, such as educational level, job training, working experience in the cities, age and sexes, produce different effects on their urban employment respectively. Unlike the working experience in the cities which is a positive factor, lower-level occupations are mainly related to age, job training, while higher-level occupations are to educational level. Consequently, human capital is the essential factor, which restricts the farmer laborers to improving their social and economic status to break away from the current vulnerable group. Given the fact that the farmer laborers themselves are unable to invest human capital independently, it is suggested that government guarantee the compulsory education in rural areas, especially vocational education, with a view to increasing their competitive ability to find a job and upgrading themselves to a higher-level occupation.