新疆野苹果果实形态与矿质元素含量多样性以及特异性状单株

Genetic Diversity of Fruit Morphological Traits and Content of Mineral Element in Malus sieversii(Ldb.) Roem.and its Elite Seedlings

对新疆野苹果伊犁霍城县大西沟、巩留县莫合乡库尔德宁和新源县交吾托海等3个种下居群果实形态多样性及生存现状进行了调查研究并结合香味物质、矿质元素含量等测定结果筛选出4株特异性状单株，旨在为探讨栽培苹果的起源演化提供基本资料，并为新疆野苹果保护利用提供科学依据。结果表明，①新疆野苹果的果实形状、大小、颜色和果柄长度等形态性状的变异系数均在10％以上，表现出较丰富的遗传多样性，3个居群的变异趋势基本一致。尤其是本文首次对巩留县莫合乡库尔德宁居群果实形态性状进行调查研究，其中单果重的变异幅度为9．95～47．47g，变异系数29．71％，形状有扁圆形、近圆形、圆形和圆锥形等，果皮颜色有绿、黄、橘黄、粉红、红和深红等，具有栽培苹果的典型特征。上述结果支持“新疆野苹果可能是栽培苹果祖先种”的结论；②对巩留县莫舍乡的新疆野苹果78个实生株系果肉组织Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn6种矿质营养元素进行测定的结果表明，每种矿质元素含量单株间差异显著，变异系数在24．2％～54．0％，遗传多样性丰富，进一步选择的潜力很大；③根据新疆野苹果果实形态、香味物质和矿质元素含量等的测定结果，初步筛选出了大果型、高钙型、高锌型和大马酮型等4个特异性状单株；④调查发现，由于农田开垦、过度放牧以及苹果小吉丁虫的蔓延危害，目前伊犁野果林面积逐年减少，野苹果固有的繁育体系和遗传多样性受到不同程度的破坏。为此，本文提出了建立新疆野苹果原生境保存、异地保存、离体保存和利用保存等多层次保护保存体系的建议。

The morphological diversity of fruits in 3 intraspecific populations （Daxigou in Houcheng county, Kuerdening in Mohe town Gongliu county and Jiaowutuohai in Xinyuan county, all the sites are in Ily State） of Malus sieversii was investigated, as well as the existence status. Combining Content of volatile compounds and mineral elements, we selected 4 elite seedlings from all 132 seedlings. The aim of this study was to provide original data for consideration of origin and evolution of Malus domestica and scientific theory of conservation and utilization of M. sieversii. The results indicated that fruit shape, size, color and length of carpopodium have great morphological diversity with the variation coefficient of more than 10%. The range of fruit weight was from 9.95 to 47.47g in Mohe population in Gongliu county, while the variation coefficient was 29.71%. The results above support the conclusion ＇ M. sieversii was assumed progenitor of domesticated apple M. domestica ＇ The content of mineral elements （Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn） in ripe fruits of M. sieversii from 78 seedings at Mohe Town, Gongliu Country were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results indicated that M. sieversii seedings presented considerable genetic variations in content of mineral elements with the range of variation coefficients from 24.2 % to 54.0 %. So it has large potential for further selection. Four elite seedlings were selected, namely large fruit type, high Ca content type, high Zn content type and high damascenone content. As the predominant component of Ily wild fruit tree forest, Malus sieversii had occupied an area of 9300ha. But the inherent reproduction system of M. sieversii and genetic diversity of the species were destructed in different degrees, as a result of farming assart, over grazing and damage by Agrilus mali. So we suggested establishing a multi conservation system which combines original site, non-original site, ex-situ conservation and utilization conservation on M. sieversii.