汉代官方舆论收集机制

A Study on the System of Collecting Public Opinion of the Han Government

两汉政府总结历史经验教训,重视民意,形成了一套以规谏机制为核心的舆论信息收集系统,包括天子求言与百官进谏、朝议、吏民上书、使者采风、倾听民意等制度,既吸收了由所谓“进善之旌”、“敢谏之鼓”、“瞽史诵诗”、“工诵箴谏”、“大夫进谋”、“士传民语”等构成的古制的合理性内核,又摆脱了古制富于理想色彩、适合小国寡民的局限性。它以君主专制中央集权国家的崭新背景为平台,以现实政治实践为基础,因而更具可操作性,为两汉统治集团及时掌握行政信息、正确决策提供了依据,同时也反映了汉代民众的积极政治参与意识。但是这一系统在运转过程中仍然存在着诸多问题,专制制度本身又是限制甚至阻碍这一系统正常运转的主要因素,因此汉代下情上达之途仍然不够通畅。

In some sense, whether or not the governmental decision- making and riding is reasonable depends on the govem group how to deal with public opinion. The Han governments paid great attention to public opinion. On the basis of summing up historical experience and lesson, the Han govemment created a system of collecting public opinion which center on the system of expostulation. This system syncretized many useful ancient systems such as ＂banners for expostulation＂, ＂drums for expostulation＂, ＂recite ironical poem by blind＂, ＂propose strategy by scholar-bureaucrat＂ and ＂report public opinion by scholars＂. It was more practical on the new background of centralized absolute monarchy because of getting over the limitation of idealization of ancient systems and basing on real political practice. At the same time, despotism itself blocked the functioning of this system, thereby, public opinion could not be delivered to the government very easily in Han China.