外部性的类型、庇古解、科斯解和非内部化

The Types,Pigouvian Solution,Coasean Solution,and Non-internalization of Externalities

文章的目的是对外部性进行一个比较系统的分类,在此基础上,讨论外部性的科斯解与庇古解的根本分歧。我们的观点是,他们的根本分歧是,庇古愿意依靠政府去解决外部性导致的低效率,而科斯不愿意如此,根本的原因是他们具有不同的政府信念。实际上,在正交易成本的世界里,内部化一切外部性的企图是不理性的,而不内部化一些外部性是理性的。外部性的非内部化有两种类型———算计的非内部化和政治的非内部化。

The purpose of this paper is to offer a systematic classification of externalities. Baased on this, we further discuss the core disagreement between the Pigouvian solution and the Coasean solution. We believe that their core disagreement is that Pigou is willing to rely on a government to solve externality-caused inefficiency and Coase is unwilling to do so. The root cause for this is their different beliefs in government. In fact, in the world of positive transaction costs, internalizing all externalities is irrational, whereas non-internalization of some externalities is rational. There are two types of non-internalization of externalities, calculative versus political non-internalization.