马克思对东方落后民族现代社会转型的探索及其启示

Marx’s View on the Modern Social Transition of Underdeveloped Oriental Nations

马克思对东方民族现代社会转型道路的探索经历了一个曲折的过程：19世纪50-60年代遇到了“难道东方民族也必须向西方社会那样，只有通过资本主义的方式才能实现现代转型吗？”的重大难题；晚年在深入研究人类社会前资本主义历史时期的发展过程及其特点的基础上，依据对俄国农村公社历史的具体考察并结合当时俄国社会所处的内外现实环境，提出了俄国应跨越“卡夫丁峡谷”、走一条非资本主义式的现代转型之路的设想；东方民族现代社会转型的特点在于必须以本民族的文化传统为中介并对文化和文明进行必要的选择与更新，社会主义共产主义是东方落后民族顺利实现现代转型的现实力量。

Marx did not hold a fixed view on the social transition of underdeveloped oriental nations. In 1850s to 1860s his question was whether the social transition of these nations must follow the capitalist way as well. In his late years he proposed that Russia should cross over the ＂Caffting Canyon＂ and take a non-capitalist route, on the basis of his study of early capitalism and that of Russian communes and the specific conditions of Russian society at that time. The modem social transition of oriental nations must rely on their traditional culture as the media, with necessary selection and renewing, and the practical force for the smooth modem transition of these nations are socialism and communism.