俄罗斯和中亚五国资源开发现状与潜力分析

Analysis on the exploitation actuality and potential of natural resources in Russia and the five countries in Central Asia

俄罗斯和中亚五国地域辽阔,土地、森林、水、能源等自然资源丰富,尤其是有色金属矿藏,种类配套齐全,在世界都占有重要地位。俄罗斯和中亚五国与中国在地缘、历史和文化等多方面有着悠久的历史,具有资源开发、经贸合作和科技交流的国际背景和有利条件。俄罗斯和中亚五国十分重视资源开发和原料出口,向主要经济合作伙伴推销资源产品,并很快引起许多国家,尤其是经济发展较快国家的重视。在未来的几年中,中国与俄罗斯和中亚五国在土地、电力、建材、机械、畜牧业、信息、交通等领域都有着广阔的合作空间。可以说,中国与俄罗斯和中亚五国及其辐射地区市场潜力巨大,待开发的领域空白点较多,特别是里海、西伯利亚的石油和天然气,是21世纪全球最具能源开发前景的地区,而能源勘探与开采领域则是我们未来需要重点发展合作的领域。但是,中亚国家的原料型经济倾向,参与世界经济一体化程度不足,生产和社会基础薄弱,这些问题都阻碍着中亚国家的可持续发展。特别是中亚国家的加工工业和轻工业相对落后,大部分日用消费品依靠进口。这是我国在中亚区域经济合作中充分发挥市场优势、加工业优势的有利条件。所以,资源和经济技术的互补性,对发展中国与中亚五国和俄罗斯双边的区域经济合作都将起到积极作用。展望21世纪的俄罗斯、中亚五国与中国的经贸合作关系,根据俄罗斯和中亚各国资源状况实地调查和统计资料等,对区域资源开发现状与潜力进行了分析,对共同面对的问题,合作的基础和条件及合作前景,都进行了探讨。

In this paper, the exploitation actuality and potential of regional natural resources in Russia and the five countries in Central Asia are analyzed based on the surveyed and statistical data in these regions. Russia and the five countries in Central Asia are vast, and they rich in natural resources, such as land, forest, water and energy resources, especially the various nonferrous mineral deposits occupy an important place in Commonwealth of Independent States and even in the world. China has traditional relations with Russia and other countries in Central Asia in many aspects, such as in geographic proximity, history and culture, and there are the advantageous conditions to develop the exploitation of natural resources, economic and trade cooperation, scientific and technological exchange, etc. The gradual improvement of investment circumstances in the countries in Central Asia provides the good social circumstances for the rapid development of economic and trade cooperation between China and the countries in Central Asia, and also lays an advantageous economic foundation for developing the reciprocity and mutual benefits in economic and trade cooperation between China and Russia and the countries in Central Asia. Most of the natural resources in Russia and the countries in Central Asia, especially the Caspian oil and natural gas, are not exploited yet, and these countries will be the regions with the most glorious prospects of exploiting natural resources in the world in 21st Century. Only by relying on entering international market can the natural resources in Russia and the countries in Central Asia be changed into the genuine riches, thus, the economic crisis can be lifted out, and the foundation of powerful economic countries can be laid. Exploitation of natural resources and export of raw materials are paid great attention in Russia and the countries in Central Asia, such activities attract the attention of many countries, especially those with rapid economic development. As the member states of Shanghai Cooperation Organization rich in forces in the world, the bridge and hinge connecting Europe and Asia, and the bases rich in raw materials, these countries will provide investors with the extensive development space, huge development platform, and predictable bright prospects. The principal selection of China is to import the mineral resources including oil and natural gas from Russia and the countries in Central Asia, and it is of an actual and long - term strategic significance for developing the security ensuring system of energy supply in China to emphatically develop oil and gas industry, actively undertake the various kinds of foreign cooperation, and implement the multivariate development strategy. Moreover, the sustainable development in the countries in Central Asia is restricted by their economic development in a raw- material pattern, insufficiency of participating in world economic incorporation, and unsubstantial productive and social foundations. Especially, the processing industry and light industry in the countries in Central Asia are relatively laggard, and the most goods for everyday consumption are relied on import. These are the advantageous conditions for China to bring the market predominance and processing industry predominance into full play in the regional economic cooperation with the countries in Central Asia. Therefore, the complementarity in natural resources and economic and technological development will play an active role in the regional economic cooperation between China and Russia and the countries in Central Asia.