论古代黄土高原植被

ON ANCIENT LOESS PLATEAU VEGETATION

充分发掘历史文献中的有关信息予以辨析考证,并吸收其它研究方法所取得的成果综合分析,笔者对黄土高原古代植被提出新见解:距今3000—2300年前的西周早期至战国时期,在六盘山以东、吕梁山以西、长城以南、渭河以北的黄土高原显域生境上,植被为疏林(稀树)灌丛草原,离石、延安、庆阳一线又将其分为南北有差异的两部分。

The topic concerning the primeval vegetation has been a disputed problem up to the present since the German geographer F. V .Richthofen put the viewpoint that there are not forest on the Loess Plateau at the end of last century. To sum up, there are four viewpoints about this topic, steppe, forest-steppe, forest, and those three types of vegetation existed side by side. The existence of the divergence of this topic relates to the following two reasons. First, the natural environment has undergone destruction by human activities for a long time. Second, the scholar had limited disciplines and methods of research. According to the synthetical principle, this apper considers different factors and the results obtained by different disciplines. The times focused by the paper is from West Zhou to the West Warring States (c.11-3 cent. B, C. ) because the tools of production was very primitive during those times and the impact of human activities upon nature was very weak, so nature was under primeval conditions. At the same time there were more historical materials and ancient writings. The area focused by this paper is the eastern part of Loess Plateau, The synthetical analysis is considered in the following respects, the human character of ancient Loess Plateau, historical records concerning ancient vegetation, the results obtained by pollen analysis and archeaological research. From West Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States, the human character of Loess Plateau was that the greater part of the Plateau was resided by nomadic tribes, and the farming nation distributed on the Wei River Plain and Fen River Valley, But animal husbandry and hunting were important to the farming nation. This human character reflects that grassland occupied greater part of the Plateau, According to the historical records in 'SHIJI' ('Historical Records'), 'CHUN CHIU ZHUO ZHUAN' (' a book about the historical records at CHUN CHIU Times)', 'SHI JING' ('The Book of Songs') ,'SHAN HAI JING'('the book about mountains and sea'), the grassland distributed widely, and there were a great number of wild deer on the grassland. And the bush also distributed widely. And there were scattered trees, but the trees didn't grow very well, a great part of them were small trees. And on the mountains there were a lot of trees and some hydrophyte. According to the pollen analysis the herb pollen occupied a great part of the total amount of pollen. The herb included mainly Arte Arte m Artemisia, Polygon-aceae and Chenopodiaceae, and there were a small amount of tree pollen. Synthesizing aforementioned facts, the paper reaches the following conclusion, the primeval vegetation on the eastern part of Loess Plateau were scattered trees, wide spreaded grassland and bushes. But on the mountains and valleys, the condition was different