中国的温室气体排放、减排措施与对策

EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN CHINA AND ITS REDUCTION STRATEGY

根据《中华人民共和国气候变化初始国家信息通报》,1994年中国温室气体排放总量约为3650×106t的CO2当量,其中CO2,CH4和N2O分别占73.1%,19.7%和7.2%。CO2排放主要来自能源活动,CH4排放主要来自农业活动和能源活动,N2O排放主要来自农业活动。在过去的20余年里,中国为减缓全球温室气体排放的增长速度做出了重要的贡献。对文献资料和大量研究结果的分析表明,中国可通过采取相关措施和制订相应政策进一步减少温室气体的排放。减少CO2排放的主要措施和对策包括调整能源结构(降低煤炭消费比例、适度提高天然气比例和发展核能);提高能源生产、转化、分配和使用过程中的效率;开发利用水能、风能、太阳能和生物能等可再生能源;通过植树造林,推广秸秆还田、平衡施肥和少(免)耕等增加陆地生态系统的碳吸收。减少CH4排放的主要措施和对策包括回收利用煤层气;改造生活垃圾填埋场地和筛选环境适应性强的CH4氧化菌并接种于填埋场;改善反刍动物的营养成分;稻田合理灌溉、提高水稻的收获指数、选育和种植CH4排放低的水稻品种等。减少农田N2O排放的主要措施和对策包括提高氮肥利用率;推广施用长效肥和控释肥;施用生物抑制剂和实施微生物工程等。

According to the People＇s Republic of China Initial National Communication on Climate Change （2004） , the total net emission of greenhouse gases in China was 3650 million tons of CO2 equivalent in 1994, with CO2 , CH4 and N2O contributing to 73. 1% , 19.7% and 7. 2% , respectively. CO2 emissions were mainly from energy activities. The activities of agriculture and energy contributed greatly to CH4 emissions. N2O emissions were mostly from agricultural activities. Over the last two decades, China has made great efforts to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. Analysis of published papers and documents suggests that there is a great potential in China to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For CO2 emission reduction, the following strategies could be considered： 1 ） The adjustment of energy structure, especially switching from coal consumption to natural gas consumption as well as nuclear power. 2） The improvement of energy efficiency in the processes of energy production, transformation, assignation, and utilization. 3） The exploitation and utilization of renewable energy including hydropower, wind power, solar energy, and bioenergy. 4 ） The enhancement of carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems through reforestation, reducing removal of crop residues, making optimal combination of nutrients in fertilization, and the development of no-tillage and reduced-tillage practice. For CH4 emission reduction the strateries include： 1 ） The reclamation and utilization of coal bed CH4 in mining activities. 2） The improvement of landfill construction and the inoculation of methanotrophs in the landfill field. 3） The improvement of ruminant nutrition. 4） The planting of rice varieties with low CH4 emissions and/or high harvest index, and field drainage in irrigated rice cultivation. For N2O emission reduction the strategies mainly include： 1 ） The improvement of nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and the popularization of low-release and release-controlled nitrogen fertilizers in agricultural activities. 2） The usage of biological inhibitors. 3） The application of microbiological engineering.