黄土高原长期施肥对小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响

Effect of Long-term Application of Fertilizer on Wheat Yield and Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Loess Plateau

为给旱地小麦合理施肥提供依据,在20年长期定位试验的基础上,研究了不同施肥处理对小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,化肥能显著提高小麦产量,单施磷肥产量增加85.8 kg/ha,增幅6.8%;单施氮肥增产352.8 kg/ha,增幅28.0%;氮磷配施增产2 262.2 kg/ha,增幅179.7%。有机肥处理增产显著,单施有机肥增产1 954.2 kg/ha;在施有机肥的基础上,施氮肥增产9.8%,施磷肥增产17.1%,施氮磷肥增产15.5%。长期化肥单施肥料利用率较低,单施氮肥的氮肥利用率为16.0%,单施磷肥的磷肥利用为7.0%。氮磷配合施用,小麦吸氮、磷、钾量显著增加,氮、磷肥利用率分别增加21.2和6.9个百分点。氮、磷和有机肥处理的小麦吸氮量比氮磷处理增加18.2 kg/ha,吸磷量增加4.1 kg/ha,吸钾量增加8.3 kg/ha。

The effect of fertilization on wheat yield and fertilizer use efficiency （FUE） was studied based on 20 years long-term experiment on Loess Plateau. The results showed that： P application can increase wheat yield by 152.0 kg/ha and nitrogen application can increase wheat yield by 256.3 kg/ha. Compared with P application, the combination of N and P application can increase the wheat yield by 1 780.1 kg/ha. The combination of N, P and manure can increase wheat yield by 1 872.1 kg/ha （about 54.7%）. The fertilizer use efficiency （ F U E ） was low when only one kind of fertilizer was applied. The combination of N and P can increase the absorbed amounts of N, P2O5 and K2O, significantly. Compared with single application of fertilizer, the compination of N and P can increase FUE of N and P by 21.2 and 6.9 percentage points. Compared with the combination of N and P, the N uptake increase 18.2 kg/ha,P uptake increase 4.1 kg/ha,K uptake increase 8.3 kg/ha when applying the combination of N, P and manure.