范仲淹与北宋士风演变

FAN Zhong-yan and the Change of Ethos of Literati and Officialdom in North Song Period

唐末五代,士风败坏。宋代帝王“与士大夫治天下”,从君王到士大夫都致力于士风的建设,最终形成了宋代知识分子新的精神风貌。宋代“重文轻武”的基本国策,演化为宋人“以文为贵”的思想意识,为宋代士大夫营造了新的生存环境,成为宋代士风转变的时代文化大背景。范仲淹注重个人品德的自我修养和完善,并在一生的仕宦经历中身体力行,最终归纳为“先忧后乐”的精神风貌。北宋士风转变,至宋仁宗时期大致完成。范仲淹活跃于政坛,出将入相,逐渐成为当时知识分子的领袖人物。范仲淹以其言行对时人产生了深广的影响,成为时人学习的楷模,是这一转变过程完成的重要标志。

In the later Tang Dynasty and the subsequent five dynasties （Wu Dynasty）, the ethos of literati was corrupt. The emperors of Song Dynasty ruled the nation with literati and officialdom. They were all devoted to rebuilding the ethos; therefore, new mental attitude of the intellectuals of Song Dynasty came into being. Song Dynasty stressed civil officials rather than military officers, which was a basic national policy and evolved into the ideology that the civil officers were highly privileged. This ideology was the cultural background of the change of ethos of Song Dynasty. FAN Zhong-yan stressed cultivating his moral character and earnestly practiced it during his whole political life, finally summing up to the spirit of being concerned about his country and his people ahead of enjoyment. As a leader of his day, FAN Zhong-yan exerted great influence to his people, and he becomes a model, which is the sign of the change of ethos of literati and officialdom in North-Song Period.