哈贝马斯的知识类型观

Habermas'View of the Types of Knowledge

哈贝马斯认为,伴随着科技成为新的隐形的意识形态,当代资本主义社会处于异化和病态之中。在哲学层面,实证主义宣扬三种彼此关联的理念:科学主义、客观主义和工具理性,引起知识类型的实证化嬗变,加剧了社会的异化和病态。因此,必须对知识类型的实证化展开批判。皮尔士对自然科学的反思、狄尔泰对精神科学的论证,都打上了实证主义的烙印,表明知识类型的实证化根深蒂固。为推进知识类型的实证化批判,哈贝马斯通过整合康德、皮尔士、狄尔泰和弗洛伊德等人的思想资源,挖掘出兴趣框架:技术的认识兴趣、实践的认识兴趣和解放的认识兴趣;提出相应的新的知识类型:经验—分析的科学、历史—解释学的科学和批判性的社会科学。哈贝马斯认为,对兴趣框架及知识类型的严格界定,是“重新创造自己的社会文化生活方式”的起跑线。

Habermas considered that the development of science and technology as ideology has turned modern capitalist society into alienation and morbidness. The typos of knowledge have been positivizated by positivism which emphasized three kinds of idea of soientism,objectivism and instrument rationalism ,and wors- ened alienation and morbidness of modern capitalist society. So Habermas believed positivizafion of types of knowledge must be criticized. C. S. Peirce reflected much upon the nature science, and Wilhelm Dilthey argumed of human science, but they failed because their theories were also positivical. In order to destroy positivization of types of knowledge completely, Habermas examined on thoughts of Kant＇s ,Peirce＇s, Dilthey＇s and Freud＇s, etc, aimed to achieve the integration of their thoughts. At last, Habermas acquired the structure of interest,namely, technological interest, ,practical interest,and emancipational interest, then he designed types of knowledge ,namely ,empirical - analytical science , historical - hermeneutical science, and critical social science, He believed that the designment of types of knowledge was helpful of reconstruction of social and cultural life.