中国近代股份制企业的特点——以资金运行为中心的考察

Joint-Stock Enterprises in Early Modern China: An Examination of Capital Operation

股份制企业本质上是一种资本组织和运行的新型方式,它在近代中国出现后,除具有西方企业组织运行的一般特点外,还带有浓厚的中国特点和传统经济要素的痕迹。企业需要向政府报效、分配中实行“官利”制、面向社会直接吸收储蓄和企业内部资金的调拨等等,就是中国近代股份制企业资金运行中的本土特点。耐人寻味的是,20世纪80年代中国改革开放以来的经济发展中,这些特点又重新以不同的方式或隐或显地再次出现。因此,对中国近代股份制企业的这些特点追根溯源,探究其发展演变的状况和脉络,就显得很有必要了。

Joint-stock enterprises in the West marked a new mode of capital organization and operation. Its counterparts in China, in addition to the organizational and operational features they shared with Western joint-stock enterprises, displayed pronounced Chinese characteristics and traces of traditional economic elements. Such characteristics included the requirement that enterprises must serve the government, distribution of statutory dividends, drawing savings directly from society and intra-enterprise allocation of funds. What is interesting is that these characteristics returned in various ways, overtly or covertly, in economic development since the 1980s after China's reforms. Therefore, it is necessary to trace the origins of these characteristics of China's early modern joint-stock companies and to explore their evolutionary development and sequence.