法律的合法性危机及哈贝马斯的法政治学理论——解读《在事实与规范之间》

Legitimization and Crisis of Law and Juergen Habermas Theory of the Politics of Law——Unscramble Between Facts and Norms

哈贝马斯对法政治学的一个重要贡献是阐释现代社会中法律的合法性来源和危机问题。在他看来,法律不能离开道德正确性问题,亦即合法性问题。在哈贝马斯的行动主义社会理论中,合法性是正当程序下主体间“理性辩论”这样的政治过程的可能结果;也就是说,只要主体间的交流、讨论、争论、谈判、协商和达成一致符合“理性的辩论伦理”,现代社会中法律的合法性是可以重塑和再塑的。换句话说,合法性成了程序的可能结果。哈贝马斯的这个“辩论伦理学”是建立在他的宏大的社会理论基础上的。本文的重点就是要在他的“交往行动理论”的框架内,围绕他关于法律的合法性问题,剖析他对法政治学(民主理论)的贡献及不足。

One of the important contributions that Juergen Habermas has made to the Politics of Law was his theoretical answer to the origin of legitimization of law and its crisis in modern society. From his point of view, law without moral validity can not be legitimized. According to his theory of communicative action, legitimization is a possible result of a intersubjective ＂rational discussion＂, a political process regulated by just procedure. The legitimization of law in modern society can be constructed and reconstructed, when the intersubjective ＂Diskurs＂ （communication, discussion, disputation, negotiation） ends in a consensus and the whole process is disciplined by the ＂rationale Diskursethik＂ . It is clear that the theory of ＂Diskursethik＂ is based on Habermas＇ grand social theory. Within the theoretical framework of communicative action, this article attempts to describe how Habermas has made contributions to the politics of law （theory of democracy） through his analysis on the legitimization of law. In conclusion, the limitations of the theory of Diskursethik will be pointed out.