绿道及其研究进展

Perspectives on greenway development

20世纪90年代以来,绿道一直是保护生物学、景观生态学、城市规划和景观设计等多个学科交叉的研究热点和前沿,这种热潮被称为绿道运动。在对绿道的概念进行分析的基础上,探讨了绿道的发展及其主要阶段。分析了绿道的生态功能、休闲游憩功能、经济发展功能、社会文化和美学功能。探讨了绿道规划的方法,及绿道设计的5个方面:绿道宽度的设计、绿道与居住地的距离、绿道与机动车的交叉设计、绿道的路面和配套设施设计、绿道设计的人文关怀。最后回顾了绿道在国内的理论研究和实践进展,分析了绿道对我国自然保护、城市绿地系统和开放空间、文化遗产保护、旅游休闲等方面的启示。

Greenways have become an important focus of research in interdisciplinary fields such as Conservation Biology, Landscape Ecology, Urban Planning, and Landscape Architecture. This growing research interest parallels the popular rise of a greenways movement, which has gained considerable momentum in many places around the world since the 1990s. Because of the many ways in which the term is being used, this article examines the various conceptual and functional definitions of greenways. With the character of linear elements and the essence of connectivity emphasized, it describes five periods of greenway development： （1） initial greenway planning （1867-1900）; （2） landscape architectural greenway planning （1900 to 1945）; （3） the influence of the environmental decades （1960s and 1970s） ; （4） the naming of the greenway movement （1980s and 1990s） ; （5） the beginning of an international greenway movement （1990s-present）. The article also identifies four major functions of greenways： （1） providing corridors for wildlife movement; （2） rendering opportunities for recreational activities; （3） boosting the development of local and regional economies; and （4） accommodating a range of human values such as social exchanges, cultural preservation, historical commemoration, and aesthetic enhancement. According to the definition of greenways, this article discusses a strategic concept of landscape planning. These strategies are defined as protective, defensive, offensive and opportunistic. The seven steps of planning process have also been reviewed. The designs of greenways should deal with such issues as： （1） the width of the corridor; （2） the location of greenways; （3） the intercross between greenway and motorized-way; （4） greenway＇s surface and the affiliated infrastructure; and （5） the inclination of human caring. As far as the research progress and planning practice of greenways in China are concerned, several weaknesses including scare research documents, no dissertation on greenways, weak public awareness, and few greenway projects have been recognized. Being a component of ecologically significant natural systems, greenways bear potentials in building natural conservation network in China and will be helpful to shape city open space and green system. It also discusses the potential use of greenway with historic heritage and cultural values. At last, the potential use of recreational greenway will be highlighted in the mass-tourism era.