国家种质库保存小麦种质寄藏真菌检测

Testing Seed Borne Fungi in Wheat Germplasm Conserved in China National Gene Bank

【目的】了解国家种质库存小麦的主要寄藏真菌,评价不同地域来源的小麦种质健康状况。【方法】运用吸水纸法、平皿测定法和洗涤法检测了共1 465份库存小麦种质。【结果】在来自陕西、河北和青海的712份小麦种质中,通过吸水纸法共检测到17属近40种真菌,其中陕西小麦种质上的优势菌群主要是交链孢(Alternaria)、根霉属(Rhizopus)、青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、离蠕孢属(Bipolaris)、芽枝霉属(Cladosporium)、膝葡孢属(Gonatobotrys)和毛壳霉属(Chaetomium)等,河北区小麦的优势菌群为交链孢、根霉属、青霉属、曲霉属、离蠕孢属、芽枝霉属和镰刀菌等,青海区小麦种子携带的真菌主要是交链孢、根霉属、离蠕孢属、芽枝霉属和聚端孢属(Trichothecium)等;在供试材料中检测到对种子存活力具有严重破坏作用的病原菌有串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme)、节状离蠕孢(Bipolaris nodulosa)、草本芽枝霉(Cladosporium herbarum)等。通过平皿测定法在353份陕西小麦材料中检测到16属25种真菌,较为常见的几类真菌是交链孢属、曲霉属、离蠕孢属、膝葡孢属(Gonatobotrys)、青霉属、镰刀菌等。运用洗涤法在400份小麦种质中检出6份带有小麦条黑粉菌(Ustilago tritici)的材料,在陕西小麦材料中占1.3%,河北材料中占2.0%。【结论】在小麦种质中共检测到19个属真菌,大部分为腐生菌,少数属弱寄生菌,对种子存活力具有不同程度的影响。

[ Objective] The study was conducted to gain a primary understanding of the dominant colonies of fungi in wheat conserved in China National Gene Bank and to evaluate of the healthy status of wheat germplasm collected from different regions. [Method] A total of 1465 wheat seed varieties were detected for health using a blotter method, a petri-dish test and a washing test. [Result] Seedborne fungi of 712 wheat seed lots from Shaanxi Province, Hebei Province and Qinghai Province were tested using a blotter method and 17 genera of fungi, including nearly 40 species, were found. Alternaria was the grain-infecting fungi detected most frequently in wheat varieties from Shaanxi Province, followed by Rhizopus, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Gonatobotrys , and Chaetomium, etc. Seedborne fungi from Hebei Province with relatively high incidence included Alternaria, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, and Fusarium. Some seedborne fungi, such as Alternaria, Rhizopus, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, and Trichothecium, were detected in wheat accessions from Qinghai Province. Such fungi as Fusarium moniliforme, Bipolaris nodulosa, and Cladosporium herbarum, which could substantially reduce viability of seeds, were detected in 712 seed lots. 353 wheat seed lots from Shaanxi Province were tested using a petri-dish test. 18 genera of fungi comprised of 25 species were found. Seedborne fungi frequently detected were Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Gonatobotrys, Penicillium, and Fusarium. The washing test revealed spores of seedborne fungus Ustilago tritici, six varieties with Ustilago tritici were found in 400 seed lots, incidence of Ustilago tritici in 300 wheat varieties from Shaanxi Province was 1.3% and 2.0% of 100 wheat varieties from Hebei Province. [ Conclusion ]A total of 19 fungi genera were detected in wheat. The majority of fungi were saprophyte while others were slightly parasitic. The fungi infecting seeds could reduce viability of seeds at a different degree.